Developments in Fracture Mechanics: The mechanics and mechanisms of fracture in metals

ahead alloys ASTM ASTM STP bainitic behaviour blunting carbide particles characterised characteristic distance coalescence cohesive Conf crack closure crack extension crack growth rate crack length crack propagation crack tip stress CTOD curve cycle dependence dislocations ductile ductile fracture effects elastic embrittlement experimental failure parameters fatigue crack growth ferrite Fract fracture mechanics fracture surface fracture toughness grain boundaries increase initiation instability intergranular fracture Internat J₁ K₁ K₁c Kmax KNOTT large-scale yielding linear elastic load ratio load step localised macroscopic maximum Mech metals microcrack micromechanisms microstructural mild steel nucleation occurs opening displacement plane strain plastic deformation plastic flow predicted Proc Q₁ region relation Rice Section segregation shear shown in Fig Society for Testing solution specimen strain ageing strain rate stress field stress intensity factor stretch zones striation temperature tensile stress Testing and Materials thickness threshold Trans triaxiality void x₁ yield stress Δα ΠΕ