Multidimensional Geographic Information ScienceThe way people normally view a GIS is 2-dimensional, a greatly limiting form. However, as developments occur within the field, researchers and practitioners are finding ways to make a GIS 3-dimensional, and in some instances even 4-dimensional. Being able to view a GIS in more than 2 dimensions greatly enhances its usability. This forward-looking text, looks at the ways in which 3- and 4-dimensional (multidimensional) GIS can be incorporated into the area in the future using a variety of programming techniques. The author of this unique book also discusses current examples and uses of multidimensional GIS in the field and shows the way forward for users in the coming years. |
Contents
The worldview of geographic information science | 3 |
Discipline | 4 |
THEORETICAL COMMITMENTS OF THE GISC WORLDVIEW | 5 |
Metaphysics | 6 |
Ontology | 9 |
Epistemology | 10 |
Philosophy of mind | 17 |
Linguistics | 19 |
Twodimensional data modelling | 133 |
Threedimensional data modelling | 136 |
Georepresentation of processes | 138 |
Approaches to process modelling | 139 |
Spatiotemporal data modelling | 140 |
TWODIMENSIONAL GEOREPRESENTATION | 141 |
THREEDIMENSIONAL GEOREPRESENTATION | 145 |
Solid geometric modelling | 146 |
Cognitive science | 22 |
Informatics | 24 |
THE POSSIBILITY OF GISC | 28 |
Twodimensional representations of space | 31 |
Metaphysics of space and place | 32 |
Metaphors for geographical thinking | 33 |
Metaphysics of geographical and spatial representation | 34 |
Social conceptions of geographic space | 35 |
Naive geography | 36 |
Psychology of realism | 38 |
Space and spaces | 39 |
Metaphysical implications | 40 |
ONTOLOGY OF SPACE | 41 |
How do we characterise geographic kinds? | 42 |
How certain are we of the identity of geographical kinds? | 43 |
Cognitive maps | 44 |
Scale and space | 45 |
Spatial knowledge knowledge representation and spatial reasoning | 47 |
Space in language | 51 |
Space in representational art | 53 |
Social constitution of spatial concepts | 54 |
Absolute and relative views of space | 57 |
Ontological implications | 58 |
The evolution of epistemological theories of space | 59 |
Epistemological commitments of contemporary research on space | 62 |
THE ORIGINS OF TWODIMENSIONAL SPATIAL REPRESENTATION | 63 |
History of cartographic representation | 67 |
MAPS AS REPRESENTATIONS OF SPACE | 71 |
Maps and communication about space in the narrow sense | 72 |
Mapping as representation in the broad sense | 76 |
THE DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS | 77 |
Surveying conventions | 78 |
Cartographic conventions | 80 |
The critique of GIS from social theory | 81 |
THE CURRENT AND FUTURE SCOPE OF GIS AND GISc | 82 |
Multidimensional representations of space and time | 85 |
Thinking on space and time between the Renaissance and the 20th century | 90 |
Research on space and time in the 20th century | 98 |
Philosophy of space and time | 102 |
Mathematics space and time | 106 |
The psychology of space and time | 108 |
Anthropological concepts of space and time | 110 |
Social construction of space and time | 111 |
CONCEPTS OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL GEOREPRESENTATION | 115 |
A framework for multidimensional concepts in the mesoscopic domain | 116 |
Cognitive science | 117 |
Social theory | 118 |
Multidimensional georepresentations for modelling | 121 |
Spatial and temporal structures | 124 |
Space and time connection hybrid | 125 |
Space and time connection integrated | 126 |
Model absolute | 127 |
Models of time | 129 |
Scale and space | 130 |
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF GEOREPRESENTATION | 131 |
Georepresentation of forms structures and properties | 132 |
Threedimensional data structures for georepresentation | 150 |
Parametric approaches | 151 |
Voxel approaches | 155 |
Hybrid approaches | 156 |
Databases for georepresentations | 157 |
Threedimensional spatial query and analysis | 158 |
MULTIDIMENSIONAL GEOREPRESENTATION | 160 |
SPATIOTEMPORAL KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION | 162 |
Temporal GIS | 163 |
Objectoriented spatiotemporal GIS | 165 |
Time geography | 167 |
Fourdimensional GIS | 168 |
Multidimensional process modelling | 170 |
THE POTENTIAL FOR MULTIDIMENSIONAL GEOREPRESENTATION | 171 |
Multidimensional georepresentations for exploration | 173 |
Multimedia data types as georepresentations | 175 |
Virtual environments as georepresentations | 178 |
Database storage of multimedia and virtual georepresentations | 182 |
Multimedia development and standards | 184 |
Hypermedia development environments | 185 |
SPATIAL MULTIMEDIA AND VIRTUAL REALITY SYSTEMS | 188 |
Multimediahypermedia GIS | 189 |
Web GIS | 190 |
Virtual reality GIS | 191 |
Realtime GIS | 192 |
Geolibraries | 194 |
MULTIDIMENSIONAL EXPLORATION OF GEOREPRESENTATIONS | 196 |
Visualisation data mining and animation of georepresentations | 199 |
CONCLUSIONS | 201 |
INTRODUCTION | 203 |
The geography of the North Norfolk Coast | 204 |
Hypermedia georepresentations for coastal management | 207 |
EXPERIMENTS IN HYPERMEDIA GEOREPRESENTATION | 208 |
Hypermedia functions in GIS | 210 |
Panoramap hypermedia environment | 211 |
POTENTIAL | 212 |
Georepresentation of dynamic coastal geophenomena CONTEXT | 213 |
Videometric measurement of processes | 214 |
Animating multidimensional landform behaviour | 215 |
Human spatiotemporal behaviour | 216 |
POTENTIAL | 217 |
Georepresentations of coastal change using virtual environments | 219 |
Interfaces to virtual georepresentations | 220 |
Timedependent display of virtual worlds | 223 |
Threedimensional modelling of coastal landforms | 225 |
EXPERIMENTS IN THREEDIMENSIONAL MODELLING OF COASTAL LANDFORMS | 226 |
Minimum tension isosurface modelling | 228 |
Tetrahedronbased modelling | 230 |
POTENTIAL | 231 |
Multidimensional georepresentation in coastal environments | 233 |
MULTIDIMENSIONAL COASTAL GEOREPRESENTATION EXPERIMENTS | 234 |
Multidimensional exploration of coastal change | 236 |
POTENTIAL | 237 |
References | 239 |
287 | |
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Common terms and phrases
20th century applications approach architecture argued attributes B-rep behaviour boundaries cartographic causal chapter characterised coastal cognitive maps concepts of space conceptualisation data modelling data structures data types defined developed dimensional dimensions discretisation dynamic Egenhofer entities epistemology Euclidean Euclidean geometry exploration four-dimensional functions geo-phenomena Geocomputation geographic information science geographic information systems geometric geomorphology GISC grid human hypermap hypermedia identified identity imagery implemented integrated interaction knowledge representation landforms language London mathematics metaphysics multidimensional geo-representations multimedia multimedia and virtual multimedia data naïve physics nature nodes objects octree ontology organisation perspective phenomena physical points query Raper realist relations role scale Scolt Head Island sediment sense social solid space-time spatial and temporal spatial data spatial representation spatio-temporal spit suggested surface survey tetrahedra theory three-dimensional topological two-dimensional University virtual environments virtual geo-representation virtual reality visualisation voxel VRML zone