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angle angular acceleration angular momentum angular velocity angular-momentum law atoms basic calculated center of mass Chapter collision component vectors constant velocity corresponding definition denoted described direction distance dot product earth energy law equal equation example Fext force exerted friction force Ftot Go to Sec gravitational force gravitational potential energy Hence horizontal illustrated in Fig implies indicated in Fig inertia infinitesimal instant interacting particles interval kinetic energy kinetic-energy law length m/s² macroscopic mechanics laws molecules moment of inertia momentum law mutual forces normal force particle moves particle's velocity path perpendicular position vector preceding predict problem problem-solving method projectile properties quantity radius rate of change ratio reference frame relation result sine small displacement solution solving specified speed standard position string Summary Superposition principle surface system diagram thermal energy torque total external force total force units V₁ velocity change vertical Workbook Woth zero