Physical MetallurgyPhysical Metallurgy elucidates the microstructure, transformation and properties of metallic materials by means of solid state physics and chemical thermodynamics. Experimental methods of physical metallurgy are also treated. This third edition includes new sections on the permeation of hydrogen in metals, the Landau theory of martensitic transformation, and order hardening and plasticity of intermetallics. Numerous other sections have been brought up to date in the light of new developments (e.g. scanning tunnelling microscopy, CALPHAD-method, diffusion in glasses, DIGM, recrystallisation). New artwork and references have also been added. Professor Haasen's clear and concise coverage of a remarkably wide range of topics will appeal both to physics students at the threshold of their metallurgical careers, and to metallurgists who are interested in the physical foundation of their field. |
Contents
Introduction | 1 |
Experimental methods for the physical examination of metals | 3 |
22 Transmission electron microscopy TEM | 7 |
23 Diffuse Xray scattering | 17 |
24 Field ion microscopy FIM and scanning tunnel microscopy | 21 |
26 Mechanical testing methods | 28 |
27 Investigation of anelasticity | 32 |
28 Mōssbauer effect | 34 |
91 Nucleation of precipitates | 210 |
92 Rate equations for the growth of precipitates | 221 |
93 Ostwald ripening | 225 |
94 Spinodal decomposition | 227 |
95 Discontinuous precipitation and eutectoid decomposition | 233 |
96 TTT diagrams | 238 |
Point defects especially those created by quenching and irradiation | 240 |
102 Quenching and annealing of excess vacancies | 244 |
29 The stereographic projection | 37 |
Microstructure and phase grain and phase boundaries | 41 |
32 Structure of grain boundaries | 44 |
33 Energy of grain boundaries and its measurement | 50 |
34 Interphase interfaces | 54 |
Solidification | 57 |
42 Heterogeneous nucleation | 59 |
43 Crystal growth | 60 |
44 Growth of single crystals and the origin of dislocations | 62 |
45 Distribution of dissolved solute atoms on solidification | 64 |
46 Eutectic solidification | 75 |
47 Metallic glasses | 79 |
Thermodynamics of alloys | 83 |
52 Statistical thermodynamics of ideal and regular binary solutions | 86 |
53 Measurements of the energy of mixing and the activity | 90 |
54 More advanced models of solutions | 93 |
55 Derivation of binary phase diagrams from the model of a solution | 94 |
56 Free energies and binary phase diagrams | 99 |
57 Ternary phase diagrams | 105 |
Structure and theory of metallic phases | 110 |
62 Structures of pure metals and elastic instabilities | 118 |
63 HumeRothery phases and electrons in alloys | 128 |
64 Alloy phases determined by atomic size | 140 |
65 Normal valency compounds | 147 |
Ordered arrangements of atoms | 148 |
72 Incomplete order degrees of order | 153 |
73 Ordered domains and their boundaries | 160 |
74 Kinetics of ordering | 165 |
Diffusion | 171 |
82 Atomic mechanisms of diffusion | 173 |
83 Diffusion with a concentrationdependent | 182 |
84 Diffusion in interfaces and along dislocations | 192 |
85 Electro and thermomigration | 197 |
86 Oxidation of metals | 200 |
Diffusion with saturable traps | 202 |
Precipitation | 209 |
103 Effects of irradiation with highenergy particles | 250 |
104 Recovery stages after irradiation | 253 |
105 Radiation damage to reactor materials | 255 |
Line defects Dislocations | 258 |
112 Elasticity theory of dislocations | 265 |
113 Dislocations in crystals | 274 |
114 Dislocation dynamics | 282 |
Plastic deformation work hardening and fracture | 285 |
122 Slip and dislocation movement | 289 |
123 Flow stress and work hardening | 292 |
124 Dynamic recovery crossslip and climb | 297 |
125 Deformation of polycrystals deformation texture | 303 |
126 Grain boundary sliding and superplasticity | 311 |
127 Cyclic deformation and fatigue | 315 |
128 Fracture at small tensile strains brittle fracture | 321 |
Martensitic transformations | 327 |
132 Characterization of martensitic transformations | 330 |
133 Landau theory or shapememory alloys | 334 |
134 Crystallography of martensitic transformations | 337 |
135 The martensitic phase boundary | 343 |
136 Nucleation of martensite | 345 |
137 Hardening of steel | 347 |
138 The displacive 𝜔transformation | 350 |
Alloy hardening | 353 |
142 Dislocation locking and unlocking | 365 |
143 Precipitation hardening | 370 |
144 Dispersion hardening and fibrereinforcement | 375 |
145 Order hardening and plasticity of intermetallics | 379 |
Recrystallization | 381 |
152 Primary recrystallization | 382 |
153 Grain growth | 387 |
154 Recrystallization textures | 398 |
155 Secondary recrystallization grain growth | 401 |
| 403 | |
| 415 | |
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Common terms and phrases
according alloy angle annealing antiphase antiphase boundary austenite Brillouin zone Burgers vector carbon chapter component composition concentration constant corresponding CuAu curve decomposition density described diffusion coefficient displacement distortion distribution edge dislocation elastic electron entropy equation equilibrium eutectic factor fcc lattice flow stress formation fracture free energy grain boundary growth Haasen hardening heat increases interaction interface interstitial atoms low temperatures low-angle grain boundaries martensitic transformation matrix measured mechanism melt metals microscope microstructure nearest neighbours nucleation nucleus observed obtained orientation parameter partial dislocation particles phase diagram plastic deformation precipitates produced quenching radius reaction recrystallization region result screw dislocation shear stress short-range order shown in fig shows single crystal slip plane slip systems solid solution solidification solute atoms specimen spinodal stable stacking fault energy strain stress-strain curve structure superlattice surface T₁ tensile theory thermal thermodynamic twinning vacancies velocity volume X-ray
Popular passages
Page 408 - The Theory of Transformations in Metals and Alloys (Oxford: Pergamon Press 1975) . 45.