Ultrasonic Methods of Testing Materials

absorption aluminium amplitude angle of incidence angle of refraction angle probe apparatus applied attenuation coefficient axle barium titanate bottom echo cathode ray tube ceramic characteristic impedance component continuous waves corresponding cracks dead zone depends detect flaws determined diagram diameter direction distance echo height echo method elastic electrical examination flaw echo frequency grain illustrates immersion indications inspection intensity IPPT-PAN Lamb waves laminations layer liquid longitudinal waves maximum Mc/s measurements medium metal method of testing multiple reflections observed obtained occur oscilloscope screen oscilloscope trace path length perspex piezoelectric pipe plate position propagation pulse echo quartz ratio receiving probe receiving transducer reflected waves reflection coefficient relationship resonance method rotor sample Section shear wave sheet specimen steel stress structure suitable surface waves thickness thin tion transmission method transmitting transverse waves ultrasonic beam ultrasonic flaw detector ultrasonic testing ultrasonic velocity ultrasonic waves vibrations voltage wave velocity wavelength weld