Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy Viscoelasticity RheologyViscoelasticandtransportpropertiesofpolymersintheliquid(solution,melt)or liquid-like (rubber) state determine their processing and application to a large extent and are of basic physical interest [1—3]. An understanding of these dynamic properties at a molecular level, therefore, is of great importance. However,thisunderstandingiscomplicatedbythefactsthatdi?erentmotional processes may occur on di?erent length scales and that the dynamics are governed by universal chain properties as well as by the special chemical structure of the monomer units [4,5]. The earliest and simplest approach in this direction starts from Langevin equations with solutions comprising a spectrum of relaxation modes [1—4]. Special features are the incorporation of entropic forces (Rouse model, [6]) which relax uctuations of reduced entropy, and of hydrodynamic interactions (Zimm model, [7]) which couple segmental motions via long-range back ow elds in polymer solutions, and the inclusion of topological constraints or entanglements (reptation or tube model, [8—10]) which are mutually imposed within a dense ensemble of chains. Another approach, neglecting the details of the chemical structure and concentratingontheuniversalelementsofchainrelaxation,isbasedondynamic scalingconsiderations[4,11].Inparticularinpolymersolutions,thisapproach o?ers an elegant tool to specify the general trends of polymer dynamics, although it su?ers from the lack of a molecular interpretation. A real test of these theoretical approaches requires microscopic methods, which simultaneously give direct access to the space and time evolution of the segmental di?usion. Here, quasi-elastic scattering methods play a crucial role sincetheyallowthemeasurementofthecorrespondingcorrelationfunctions.In particular,thehigh-resolutionneutronspinecho(NSE)spectroscopy[12—15]is very suitable for such investigations since this method covers an appropriate range in time (0.005)t/ns)40) and space (r/nm [15). Furthermore, the possibilityoflabellingbyhydrogen-deuteriumexchangeallowstheobservation of single-chain behavior even in the melt. |
Contents
Deformation and Viscoelastic Behavior of Polymer Gels in Electric Fields | 130 |
Rheology of Polymers Near LiquidSolid Transitions | 165 |
Author Index Volumes 101134 | 235 |
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anode anode side applied bending calculated cathode chain characteristic frequencies Chem Phys cluster concentration copolymer Copyright correlation critical exponent critical gel crosslinking crossover deformation density dependence dilute solutions diverges dynamic mechanical dynamic structure factor effect elastic modulus electric field entanglement distance equation experimental fraction function g/mol Gaussian gel film gel point gelation Gennes hydrodynamic interactions increasing Kurauchi linear liquid-solid transition longest relaxation Macromolecules material measured molecular mass molecular weight molecules monomer motion neutron scattering observed Oseen tensor osmotic pressure PAANa gel parameter particles PDMS percolation percolation theory phase plateau Polym Sci polymer gels power law predicted properties PVA-PAA gel Q-values regime relaxation exponent relaxation modes relaxation rate Reprinted with permission reptation rheological Richter Rouse model Rouse relaxation sample self-similar self-similar relaxation shear solid lines solvent conditions spectrum star temperature theory viscoelastic viscosity Winter HH Zimm model