Thought and Letters in Western Europe, A.D. 500 to 900

abbot Alcuin Amalarius amongst Augustine Bede Bede's Beowulf Bible bishop Boethius Carolingian Carolingian age Cassiodorus chapters Charlemagne Charles Charles the Bald Christ Christian Chronicle Church coll commentary composed contemporary death Divine Donatist earlier ecclesiastical edition Einhard emperor Empire Epist example extant Father Frankish Fulda Gall Gaul German Gospel Gottschalk Greek Gregory Heliand hexameters Hincmar Hrabanus hymns ibid Irish Isidore Italy Jerome king language later Latin letters liberal arts literary literature liturgical Louis the Pious Lupus manuscripts Martianus mediaeval Middle Ages monastery monastic monks ninth century Notker Old English pagan passages Paul the Deacon poem poetic poetry poets Pope Predestination prose pupil Radbertus religious Roman Rome ruler saints scholars scriptoria secular Sedulius Sedulius Scotus Spirit survived Synod teacher teaching thee Theodulfus theological thou translation treatise Vergil vernacular verse Visigothic Walahfrid words writings written