Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific IslandsWritten by the leading authorities on the plant diversity and ecology of the Pacific islands, this book is a magisterial synthesis of the vegetation and landscapes of the islands of the Pacific Ocean. It is organized by island group, and includes information on geography, geology, phytogeographic relationships, and human influences on vegetation. Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands features over 400 color photographs, plus dozens of maps and climate diagrams. The authors’ efforts in assembling the existing information into an integrated, comprehensive book will be welcomed by biogeographers, plant ecologists, conservation biologists, and all scientists with an interest in island biology. |
Contents
Introduction The Book Concept 1 Focus Approach and Objectives | xxviii |
2 Vegetation Treatment in a Landscape Perspective | xxviii |
3 Floristic and Vegetational Plant Geography | xxviii |
1 Island Area Included | xxviii |
2 Phytogeographic Questions | xxviii |
3 Island Subregions | xxviii |
1 Origin of the Pacific Ocean | xxviii |
2 Plate Tectonics and the Andesite Line | 12 |
6 Guam | 269 |
1 Regional Geography | 275 |
2 The Vegetation in General | 276 |
3 The Belau Islands Palau | 277 |
4 Yap and Fais a Introduction | 284 |
5 Chuuk AlmostAtoll | 286 |
6 Pohnpei Ponape a Introduction | 288 |
7 Kosrae Kusaie | 291 |
3 Composite and Shield Volcanoes | 14 |
4 Types of Islands | 16 |
5 Continental Fragments and Island Arcs | 17 |
1 Australia New Zealand and New Caledonia | 19 |
2 New Caledonia and the Solomon Islands | 21 |
4 Vanuatu and Fiji | 22 |
5 Micronesia Polynesia and the Eastern Pacific | 23 |
Climate and Vegetation Patterns | 24 |
2 Rainfall Zones | 26 |
3 Seasonality | 28 |
4 Tropical Cyclones | 30 |
5 El Nino and the Southern Oscillation | 31 |
6 PacificWide Biomes | 34 |
Conclusions | 37 |
Western Melanesia Introduction 1 Regional Geography | 39 |
3 Climate Diagrams | 41 |
4 Regional Climate | 44 |
Introduction | 45 |
2 Soil Substrates | 46 |
Regional Vegetation Types | 49 |
l Coastal Strand Vegetation | 50 |
3 Freshwater Swamp Forests and Herbaceous Wetlands | 51 |
4 Forest on Limestone | 53 |
6 Montane Rain Forest | 54 |
7 Other Vegetation Types | 55 |
Introduction | 57 |
2 Soil Substrates | 58 |
1 Coastal Strand Vegetation | 59 |
4 Floodplain Forest | 60 |
6 Forest on Ancient Limestone | 61 |
9 Vegetation on Recent Volcanic Surfaces | 62 |
Summary of Vegetation Patterns | 63 |
Introduction | 65 |
1 Climate and Weather Disturbances | 66 |
2 Topography | 67 |
4 Human Population | 68 |
5 Phytogeographic Aspects | 69 |
Regional Vegetation Types | 70 |
3 Freshwater Swamp Forests and Herbaceous Wetland Vegetation | 71 |
4 Lowland Rain Forest on WellDrained Soil | 72 |
5 LowDiversity Rain Forests | 74 |
6 Seasonally Dry Forest and Grassland | 75 |
7 Montane Rain Forest | 77 |
8 Anthropogenically Modified Vegetation | 78 |
Vegetation of the Outer Islands | 79 |
2 Rennell | 81 |
Conclusions | 83 |
Eastern Melanesia Introduction 1 Regional Geography | 84 |
2 Regional Geology | 86 |
Treatment of the Vegetation | 88 |
The Santa Cruz Islands | 89 |
Kauri Dynamics in the Santa CruzIslands | 90 |
Vanuatu Introduction | 93 |
1 Climate | 94 |
3 Soils | 95 |
Regional Vegetation Types | 97 |
1 Lowland Rain Forest | 98 |
2 Montane Cloud Forest and Related Vegetation | 101 |
4 Vegetation on New Volcanic Surfaces | 103 |
6 Secondary and Cultivated Woody Vegetation | 104 |
Vegetation of the Northern Outlier and Central Islands | 105 |
2 Banks Islands | 106 |
Regeneration Dynamics of the Kauri Forests of South Vanuatu | 107 |
Introduction | 108 |
1 Climate | 109 |
2 Geology | 111 |
3 Origin of the Flora | 112 |
Principal Vegetation Types | 113 |
1 Lowland Rain Forest | 114 |
2 Upland Rain Forest | 119 |
3 Cloud Forest | 121 |
4 Dry Forest | 122 |
5 Talasiqa Vegetation | 123 |
6 Freshwater Wetland Vegetation | 127 |
7 Mangrove Forest and Scrub | 129 |
8 Coastal Strand Vegetation | 130 |
Vegetation on Smaller Islands | 132 |
2 Kabara | 135 |
New Caledonia Introduction | 136 |
1 Climate | 137 |
2 Geological Origin | 139 |
3 Phytogeographic Relationships | 142 |
Principal Vegetation Types | 144 |
1 Lowland Mesic Rain Forest | 145 |
2 Montane Rain and Cloud Forest | 147 |
3 Forest on Limestone | 149 |
5 Savanna | 150 |
6 Maquis Scrub Vegetation a General | 151 |
7 Lowland Swamp Vegetation | 156 |
8 Mangrove and Strand Vegetation including Littoral Forest | 157 |
9 Modified Vegetation | 158 |
Conclusions | 161 |
The Subtropical Islands in the New Zealand Region Introduction 1 Regional Overview | 162 |
1 Geography | 165 |
3 Geology | 167 |
4 Soils | 168 |
6 Phytogeographic Relationships | 169 |
1 Lowland Subtropical Rain Forest | 170 |
2 Submontane Rain Forest | 173 |
4 Lowland Swamp Forest Mangrove and Seagrass Vegetation | 174 |
6 Inland Scrub and Herbland | 176 |
8 Shoreline and Beach Vegetation | 177 |
9 Disturbed Vegetation | 178 |
l0 Summary of Vegetation Patterns | 179 |
11 Canopy Dieback | 181 |
1 Geography | 182 |
4 Soils | 184 |
6 Vegetation | 185 |
7 Distribution Patterns | 187 |
8 Phytogeographic Relationships | 191 |
9 Nepean and Philip Islands | 192 |
10 Araucaria Decline and Dieback | 193 |
1 Geography Climate and Geology | 194 |
Conclusions | 197 |
Micronesia Introduction 1 Regional Geography and Climate | 199 |
2 Substrates and SoilParent Materials a Three Main Types of Substrates | 201 |
3 Treatment of Vegetation | 204 |
1 Mangrove Vegetation | 205 |
2 Strand Vegetation a Introduction | 207 |
3 Vegetation on Coral Atolls and Low Coral Islands | 211 |
4 Vegetation on Raised Coral or Elevated Limestone a Primary Vegetation | 216 |
5 Vegetation on Coastal Plains Including Swamp Forest | 220 |
6 Lowland Rain Forest a Primary Forest | 223 |
7 Montane Rain Forest and Cloud Forest | 225 |
8 Dwarf Vegetation on Open Crests | 227 |
9 Vegetation on Rough Lava Flows | 228 |
1 The Bonin Ogasawara Islands a Geography and Floristics | 234 |
2 The Volcano Kazan Islands | 238 |
Marcus Island | 240 |
Introduction | 241 |
2 Human Influences on the Vegetation | 242 |
3 Subregional Differences | 243 |
1 Uracas Farallon de Pajaros | 244 |
3 Asuncion Assongsong | 245 |
4 Agrihan Agrigan | 247 |
5 Pagan | 248 |
6 Alamagan | 250 |
7 Guguan | 251 |
9 Anatahan | 252 |
The Southern Marianas | 254 |
i Farallon de Medinilla | 255 |
2 Saipan | 256 |
3 Tinian | 259 |
4 Aguiguan Aguijan | 264 |
5 Rota | 265 |
8 The Atolls of the Caroline Islands | 292 |
Nauru and Banaba | 293 |
Wake Island | 296 |
1 Introduction | 297 |
2 Regional Vegetation | 298 |
3 Taongi Atoll | 303 |
4 Bikar Atoll | 305 |
1 Geography and Flora | 306 |
2 Climate and Substrate | 307 |
3 Vegetation | 308 |
1 A Brief Review | 309 |
What Are The Determinants? | 310 |
Central Polynesia Introduction 1 Regional Geography | 314 |
2 Regional Climate | 315 |
1 Regional Overview | 317 |
2 Johnston Island | 318 |
4 The Line Islands | 323 |
Howland Baker Jarvis Maiden and Starbuck | 327 |
6 Central Pacific MoistZone Atolls | 328 |
Conclusions | 336 |
Western Polynesia Introduction 1 Regional Geography and Geology | 341 |
2 Regional Climate | 342 |
3 Treatment of Vegetation | 344 |
Tonga Introduction | 345 |
Vegetation | 347 |
2 Beach Vegetation | 348 |
6 Fern and Grassland | 349 |
3 Coastal Marsh | 350 |
1 Secondary or Cultivated Vegetation | 351 |
1 Introduction | 352 |
3 Reanalysis of Euas Forest Communities | 355 |
Western Tier of Young Volcanic Islands | 357 |
2 Late | 358 |
Introduction | 360 |
Vegetation | 361 |
L Littoral Vegetation | 362 |
2 Wetland Vegetation | 363 |
3 Lowland Rain Forest | 364 |
4 Montane Rain Forest | 368 |
6 Vegetation on Recent Volcanic Surfaces | 372 |
Forest Dynamics in Samoa | 375 |
Rotuma | 376 |
Home Hoorn Horn or Wallis Islands Introduction | 378 |
2 Psammophilous Littoral Vegetation | 379 |
4 Dense Evergreen Forest | 380 |
5 Montane Rain and Cloud Forest | 381 |
Vegetation | 382 |
3 Fernland | 383 |
Eastern Polynesia Introduction 1 Regional Geography and Geology | 385 |
2 Regional Climate | 387 |
The Cook Islands | 390 |
Rarotonga | 392 |
Aitutaki | 394 |
Mitiaro Atiu Mauke and Mangaia | 395 |
Palmerston Manuae and Takutea Islands | 400 |
Vegetation | 401 |
Marotiri Rocks | 402 |
Raivavae | 404 |
Tubuai | 405 |
Rurutu | 406 |
The Society Islands Introduction | 407 |
2 Geology and Hydrology | 409 |
2 Original Vegetation | 410 |
3 Polynesian Influences | 411 |
4 European Influences | 412 |
Vegetation Patterns | 413 |
2 Tahiti | 414 |
3 Moorea | 418 |
4 Maiao TubuaiManu | 420 |
6 Raiatea | 422 |
7 Tahaa | 426 |
8 Bora Bora | 428 |
9 Maupiti | 429 |
The French System of Classification | 430 |
Conclusions | 431 |
Introduction | 433 |
Tuamotu Atolls | 434 |
Makatea Island | 437 |
The Gambler Islands Mangareva | 438 |
Pitcairn Island | 440 |
Oeno Atoll | 441 |
Ducie Atoll | 443 |
Sala y Gomez Island | 444 |
2 Climate | 446 |
1 Xerotropical Lowland Zone | 447 |
2 Pluviotropical and Transition Zones | 448 |
4 Dry Seaward Slope Vegetation | 449 |
6 Cultivated Forest Remnants | 451 |
Vegetation of the Individual Marquesan Islands | 452 |
Tahuata Island | 453 |
Mohotani Island | 454 |
Ua Pou Island | 456 |
Motu Iti Fatuiti | 457 |
Hatutaa Island | 458 |
Summary and Conclusions | 459 |
Northern Polynesia The Hawaiian Islands Introduction 1 Geography | 461 |
2 Climate | 464 |
3 Climatic Disturbances | 466 |
4 Island Chronosequence and Geomorphology | 469 |
5 Soil Substrates | 472 |
7 Treatment of Vegetation | 477 |
Coastal Strand Marsh Mangrove and Cliff Vegetation Azonal Not Mapped | 478 |
2 Lowland Dry Forest Savanna Scrub and Grassland a Native Dryland Forest | 486 |
3 Lowland to Upper Montane Seasonal Forests | 502 |
4 Lowland to Upper Montane Rain Forest Including Femlands a Lowland Rain Forest | 511 |
5 Montane Cloud Forests a The Cloud Forest Concept | 521 |
6 Montane Bogs | 527 |
7 HighAltitude Vegetation | 532 |
8 Deserts and Vegetation on New Volcanic Surfaces | 541 |
9 Cultivated Vegetation | 547 |
Vegetation of the Smaller Hawaiian Islands | 555 |
1 The Dry VolcanicSubstrate Islands | 556 |
2 The Hawaiian Atolls and Coral Reef Islands | 566 |
Dynamics in the Hawaiian Vegetation | 572 |
1 Vegetation Dynamics with Rain Forest Dieback a Naturally Induced Process | 573 |
2 Vegetation Dynamics with Alien Species a HumanInduced Process | 575 |
The Oceanic Islands in the Eastern Pacific Introduction | 578 |
2 San Benedicto | 581 |
4 Roca Partida | 583 |
1 Cocos Island | 584 |
2 Malpelo Island | 585 |
1 Introduction | 587 |
2 Climate | 589 |
3 Vegetation | 590 |
4 Principal Vegetation Zones | 591 |
5 Bogs Lava Flow Vegetation and Other Communities | 595 |
6 Summary of Spatial Vegetation Pattems | 596 |
7 Vegetation Dynamics in the Moist Zone | 600 |
1 Introduction | 604 |
3 San Felix | 607 |
1 Introduction | 609 |
2 Robinson Crusoe Island Masatierra | 611 |
3 Santa Clara Island | 614 |
5 Vegetation Summary and Profile | 616 |
Summary and Conclusions | 618 |
The Future of Island Vegetation 1 Introduction | 620 |
2 The Human Factor | 621 |
3 Fosbergs Entropy Concept | 627 |
4 The Hawaii IBP Concept | 628 |
5 Conceptual Aspects Arising from This Book | 630 |
6 Conclusion | 640 |
642 | |
Checklist of Plant Names | 676 |
713 | |
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Common terms and phrases
Acacia alien Archipelago areas ASTERACEAE atolls beach bogs Caledonia canopy Casuarina cliffs climate cloud forest coastal coconut coral covered Cyathea dense Dicranopteris dieback DMD photo dominated dry forest eastern elevation endemic epiphytes FABACEAE Ficus Fiji flora floristic forest type Fosberg grass grassland habitats Hawai'i herbaceous Hibiscus tiliaceus high islands indigenous Ipomoea islets km² land lava leeward Lepturus repens limestone lowland rain forest mangrove maquis Marianas Mauna Melanesian Metrosideros Metrosideros polymorpha Miscanthus montane montane rain forest mountain Mueller-Dombois native Norfolk northern O'ahu occur ocean Pacific palm Pandanus Pandanus tectorius patches plants POACEAE Polynesia Psidium rain forest rainfall reef ridges rock savanna Scaevola taccada scrub season sedges shrubs slopes soil Solomon southern stands strand vegetation substrate surface swamp Syzygium tall tectorius Tournefortia tree ferns tree species tropical undergrowth Vanuatu vegetation types volcanic western windward woody zone