Marine Biology: An Ecological Approach

abundant adaptations algae algal amphipods anemones animals areas associations Atlantic bacteria barnacles benthic benthos Biol biological bottom burrowing changes clams Cnidaria colonies community structure competition copepods coral reefs crabs crustaceans deep sea density deposit feeders depth desiccation detritus diatoms distribution diversity dominant ecology effect environment estuary example fauna feeding Figure fishes gastropod grazing growth herbivores increased infaunal interactions interstitial intertidal zone invertebrates kelp large numbers larvae layers light limpets low tide macrofauna mangrove marine meiofauna meiofaunal organisms mesopelagic mollusks mud flats nekton number of species nutrients occur ocean oxygen Pacific coast particles patterns pelagic percent Photo courtesy photophores physical factors phytoplankton plankton plants Plate polychaete population predators prey primary productivity reduced result rocky intertidal rocky shores salinity sand beaches sand flats seagrass seagrass beds seawater sediment space substrate subtidal surface suspension feeders temperate temperature terrestrial tidal tropical various vertical water column wave action zonation zooplankton zooxanthellae