Molecules and Morphology in Evolution: Conflict Or Compromise?Colin Patterson This book reviews the phylogenetic data derived from molecular methods and from classical morphology, and analyses the contribution each can make to the study of evolution. Molecular biology and traditional areas of evolutionary biology such as morphology have not enjoyed a particularly happy marriage. Molecular biologists have the advantages of modernity, high technology, and visibility: their results often seem to represent the cutting edge of science, superseding and outmoding what went before. Nevertheless, this book shows that the partnership between those who study morphology and those who study molecules is alive and well: reconciliation is possible, necessary and inevitable because the problems involved in reconstructing the history of life do not change, whatever the source of the data. In eight chapters, leading exponents of molecular and morphological methods explore phylogeny, starting with hominoids, the most thoroughly studied group, then working outwards through the vertebrates, and ending at the level of the prokaryote and eukaryote kingdoms. Theoretical problems are also covered, including the concepts of homology, the molecular clock and neutral or 'non-Darwinian' evolution. The book concludes with an example in laboratory mice where the reliability of different methods for determining phylogeny can be tested against a known genealogy. |
Contents
Introduction | 1 |
Homology and analogy | 3 |
Phenetics and cladistics | 5 |
homology becomes a statistical concept | 9 |
Orthology and paralogy | 12 |
partial homology | 13 |
Pseudogenes hidden paralogy foreign genes xenology | 14 |
Clocks and neutrality | 15 |
References | 119 |
Appendix | 120 |
Tetrapod relationships the molecular evidence | 123 |
Recent opinions on tetrapod interrelationships | 124 |
Molecular evidence | 128 |
Maximum likelihood estimation of evolutionary trees | 130 |
Conclusion | 137 |
Pattern and process in vertebrate phylogeny revealed by coevolution of molecules and morphologies | 141 |
Molecules versus morphology | 18 |
Reference | 21 |
Aspects of hominoid phylogeny | 23 |
The nature of the evidence | 24 |
Early hominoid branching points | 32 |
Humanape divergence | 41 |
General conclusion | 48 |
Acknowledgements | 49 |
Molecular and morphological analysis of highlevel mammalian interrelationships | 55 |
Myoglobin | 58 |
Alpha crystallin A chain lens protein | 69 |
General remarks on molecular cladograms based on sequence data | 74 |
Palaeontology and comparative anatomy | 75 |
Conclusions | 82 |
Appendix 1 | 87 |
Appendix 2 | 91 |
Avian phylogeny reconstructed from comparisons of the genetic material DNA | 95 |
DNADNA hybridization | 97 |
Results | 101 |
The passerine birds | 105 |
Discussion | 118 |
Early fossil history of vertebrates | 142 |
Disputes concerning genealogical relationships | 143 |
Principles of molecular phylogenetics | 145 |
Genealogical reconstruction strategy | 151 |
Molecular picture of vertebrate cladistics | 161 |
Molecular picture of Darwinian evolution of vertebrates | 163 |
Outlook | 167 |
Acknowledgements | 168 |
Appendix | 173 |
Macroevolution in the microscopic world | 177 |
Bacterial evolution | 178 |
the measurement of evolutionary rates | 181 |
Evolutionary characteristics of bacterial ribosomal RNAs | 188 |
General considerations | 197 |
References | 199 |
Divergence in inbred strains of mice a comparison of three different types of data | 203 |
Results | 206 |
Discussion | 213 |
Acknowledgements | 215 |
217 | |
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Molecules and Morphology in Evolution: Conflict or Compromise? Colin Patterson No preview available - 1987 |
Common terms and phrases
aardvarks African apes Alligator alpha crystallin amino acid amino acid sequence analysis apes and humans Atchley autapomorphous bacteria Biology birds branching Braunitzer characters chimpanzees chimpanzees and gorillas Chondrichthyes chromosome clade cladistic cladograms classification common ancestor convergence Corvida Crocodylia crystallin A chain Czelusniak divergence DNA sequences DNA-DNA hybridization eutherian evidence evolutionary Fitch fossil gene genealogical genetic genome globin Goodman groups haemoglobin hominoid homology Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift Journal lineages loci locus London Løvtrup Mammalia mammals method mice molecular data molecules monophyletic monotremes morphological mtDNA mutation rate mycoplasmas myoglobin myoglobin sequence MyrBP node oligonucleotides orang orang utan orthologous outgroup paralogy parsimony Passerida pattern phylogenetic phylogeny primates protein sequences pseudogenes reconstruction relationships ribosomal RNA rodents Romero-Herrera rRNA sequence data Sibley & Ahlquist similar sister-group species structure substitutions synapomorphies Systematic taxa tetrapods tree vertebrates Woese Zeitschrift für Physiologische Zoology