Ethnicity and Nationalism: Anthropological PerspectivesEthnicity and nationalism are pervasive features of the contemporary world, but how far is ethnicity a result of cultural differences, and how much is it in fact dependent on the practical use of, and belief in, such differences? In this book, Thomas Hylland Eriksen demonstrates that far from being an immutable property of groups, ethnicity is a dynamic and shifting aspect of social relationships. Drawing on a wide range of classic and recent studies in anthropology and sociology, Eriksen examines the relationship between ethnicity, class, gender and nationhood, as well as current issues of racism, globalisation and multiculturalism. Influential theories are presented and critically compared in a lucid and comprehensive manner. A core text for all students of social anthropology and related subjects, Ethnicity and Nationalism has been a leading introduction to the field since its original publication in 1993. This new edition - expanded and thoroughly revised - is indispensable to anyone seriously interested in understanding ethnic phenomena. New chapters cover recent studies of migration, cultural creolisation, racism, gender and nationalism, and the dilemmas of multiculturalism. |
Contents
What is ethnicity? | 1 |
The term itself | 4 |
Ethnicity race and nation | 5 |
Ethnicity and class | 7 |
The current concern with ethnicity | 8 |
From tribe to ethnic group | 10 |
What is ethnicity? | 11 |
Kinds of ethnic relations | 13 |
Modern education and ethnic identity | 90 |
Ethnicity history and culture | 91 |
Cultural history in ethnic identity | 93 |
Nationalism | 96 |
What is nationalism? | 98 |
The nation as a cultural community | 100 |
The political use of cultural symbols | 101 |
Nationalism and industrial society | 103 |
Analytical concepts and native concepts | 16 |
Ethnic classification Us and Them | 19 |
The meltingpot metaphor | 20 |
Communicating cultural difference | 21 |
Stereotyping | 23 |
Folk taxonomies and social distance | 25 |
Dichotomisation and complementarisation | 27 |
Ethnic stigma | 29 |
Negotiating identity | 30 |
Ethnicity from the individuals point of view | 32 |
What are the criteria for ethnicity? | 34 |
The social organisation of cultural distinctiveness | 36 |
Boundary maintenance | 38 |
Boundary transcendence | 39 |
Degrees of ethnic incorporation | 40 |
Ethnicity as resource competition | 44 |
Levels of ethnicity | 46 |
The theory of plural societies | 48 |
Ethnicity and rank | 49 |
The interrelationship between criteria | 51 |
Instrumentalism and its critics | 53 |
A problem of culture | 56 |
Ethnic identity and ideology | 59 |
Order in the social universe | 60 |
Anomalies | 62 |
Entrepreneurs | 65 |
Analog and digital we and us | 66 |
The emergence of ethnic identities | 67 |
The creation of an ancestral identity | 70 |
History and ideology | 71 |
Social factors in identity processes | 73 |
Does European identity exist? | 74 |
What do identities do? | 76 |
Ethnicity in history | 78 |
The historical development of ethnic relations | 79 |
Capitalism | 80 |
Black ethnogenesis | 82 |
Indians in new worlds | 83 |
from people to a people | 85 |
Colonialism and migration | 86 |
The power of naming | 87 |
Communications technology and nationhood | 104 |
Nationalism as religion and as metaphoric kinship | 106 |
The nationstate | 107 |
Nationalism against the state | 108 |
Nationalism and the Other | 110 |
The problem of identity boundaries | 112 |
Nationalism without ethnicity? | 115 |
Nationalism and ethnicity reconsidered | 119 |
Minorities and the state | 121 |
Minorities and the state | 122 |
The creation of minorities in the modern world | 124 |
Indigenous peoples | 125 |
Territorial conflict | 126 |
Stages in ethnogenesis | 127 |
Factors in indigenous ethnogenesis | 129 |
Urban minorities | 131 |
Boundary processes | 132 |
Does culture matter among urban migrants? | 135 |
Identities and culture | 137 |
race class and language | 138 |
Minorities and modernity | 140 |
Identity politics culture and rights | 143 |
Liberal philosophy and multiethnic societies | 146 |
Embedded discourses about culture and pluralism | 148 |
Fundamentalism and ambivalence | 150 |
Diaspora or hybridity? | 152 |
Transnationalism and longdistance nationalism | 153 |
The modernity of Hindutva | 156 |
General features of identity politics | 158 |
The nonethnic | 162 |
Current tensions in social theory | 163 |
Changes in the social world | 164 |
Globalisation and localisation | 166 |
Identities and loyalties | 169 |
Gender ethnicity and nationhood | 171 |
Beyond ethnicity? | 173 |
The end of ethnicity? | 174 |
The eye of the beholder | 177 |
Bibliography | 179 |
| 192 | |
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Common terms and phrases
Abner Cohen African American analyses argued assimilation Baggara Barth become Cambridge Chamba chapter Cohen colonial conflict contemporary context Copperbelt Creoles cultural differences cultural variation defined developed dichotomisation distinctive dominant group economic emphasised Eriksen ethnic boundaries ethnic category ethnic groups ethnic identity ethnic ideologies ethnic incorporation ethnic membership ethnic organisation ethnic relations ethnicity and nationalism ethnicity studies ethnogenesis European example Franco-Mauritian Fredrik Barth Gellner gen de couleur gender global Hausa Hindus hindutva identity politics immigrants important Indian indigenous individual integration interaction interethnic Inuits kind kinship labour language London majority Mauritian Mauritian Creole Mauritius migration minorities modern modernisation movements multiculturalism multiethnic societies Muslims nation-state national identity nationalist ideology networks Norwegian plural societies political organisation polyethnic population processes race reified relevant Roosens Sami Sinhalese situation social anthropology social identity social organisation stereotypes stress studies of ethnicity symbolic Tamils tend term University Press urban Yoruba