Marine Biology: An Ecological Approach |
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Page 22
... levels of heterotrophs is called a trophic structure , in which each successive consumer level is called a trophic level . Trophic structure is a characteristic feature of all ecosystems . The first trophic level is the autotrophic or ...
... levels of heterotrophs is called a trophic structure , in which each successive consumer level is called a trophic level . Trophic structure is a characteristic feature of all ecosystems . The first trophic level is the autotrophic or ...
Page 30
... trophic levels than large land animals . From the standpoint of human beings , harvestable food in the form of animal protein is available primarily from large herbivores on land ( second trophic level ) , such as cattle and sheep ...
... trophic levels than large land animals . From the standpoint of human beings , harvestable food in the form of animal protein is available primarily from large herbivores on land ( second trophic level ) , such as cattle and sheep ...
Page 390
... trophic levels are ultimately dependent upon photosynthesis . The energy fixed in photosynthesis is finite in the world's oceans . By knowing the trophic level of the various fishes taken as food and the efficiency of energy transfer from ...
... trophic levels are ultimately dependent upon photosynthesis . The energy fixed in photosynthesis is finite in the world's oceans . By knowing the trophic level of the various fishes taken as food and the efficiency of energy transfer from ...
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abundant adaptations algae algal amount amphipods anemones areas Atlantic bacteria barnacles benthic biology body bottom burrow carnivores changes Cnidaria communities competition copepods coral reef crabs crustaceans deep sea density deposit feeders depth desiccation detritus diatoms dinoflagellates dominant ecology ecosystems eggs epipelagic estuary fauna feeding Figure fishes fresh water grazing hence herbivores increased invertebrates kelp kelp beds large numbers larvae layers levels light living low tide major marine mammals marsh mesopelagic migrate mollusks Mytilus nekton number of species numbers nutrients occur ocean oxygen Pacific coast particles patterns pelagic percent Photo courtesy photophores photosynthesis physical factors phytoplankton plankton plants Plate polychaete population predators primary productivity reduced result rocky shores salinity salt sand beaches sea grass sea urchins sea water sediment shallow water squids substrate surface waters suspension feeders temperate temperature terrestrial thermocline tropical tuna upper various vertical water column water mass wave action whales zonation zone zooplankton zooxanthellae