Solidification Processing

alloys aluminum approximately assumed atoms austenite boundary layer C₁ calculated carbon cast iron cells chill columnar constant constitutional supercooling convection crystal growth curves dendrite arm spacing discussed in Chap distance effect equation equiaxed eutectic example experimental faceted ferrite FIGURE FLEMINGS fluid flow fraction of solid free energy grain grain refinement graphite growing growth direction growth rate heat flow heat of fusion homogenization inclusions increases ingot Inst interdendritic isothermal kinetics liquid composition liquid metal liquid-solid interface liquidus temperature material melting point metastable microsegregation mold morphology nucleation obtained occurs orientation particles partition ratio pearlite percent peritectic phase diagram Phys plane front pressure processes region result riser rodlike sand sand castings Scheil equation second phase segregation shown in Fig shows single-phase sketched in Fig SOLID LIQUID solidification solidus solute distribution stability steel structure superheat surface energy temperature gradient ternary thermal gradient Trans undercooling velocity volume element zone melting