Financial Crises: Institutions and Markets in a Fragile Environment

agencies Altman average balance sheet bank examination bank failures bank's bankrupt bankruptcy base billion borrowing business failure capital assets cash flow changes classification commercial banks commercial paper cost crisis deposits developed discriminant analysis early warning systems economic equity estimated failing company FDIC financial crises financial instability financial institutions financial markets Financial Ratios financial structure financial system firms fiscal Franklin National Franklin National Bank funds hedge financing income increased inflation interest rates investment investors Joseph F Journal liabilities liquidity loans long-term low supervisory ratings Minsky model of business monetary policy municipal bond National Bank NBSS outlier Penn Central percent period Ponzi finance potential prediction probability problem bank receiving a low reports resiliency revenue risk Salomon Brothers sample sector Sinkey speculative finance state-local statistical Table tion type II error unit variables vulnerable W. T. Grant York City Z-score