Electron Fractography

alternating stress aluminum alloys American Society application ASTM STP austenitic Beachem carbon replica cent cleavage crack cleavage fracture coalescence correlation crack growth rate crack length crack tip crystallographic cyclic stress dimpled rupture dimples ductile effect Electron Fractography electron microscope environment Fatigue Crack Propagation fatigue fracture fatigue striations frac fracture direction fracture mechanism fracture mode fracture process fracture surface fracture toughness glide plane glide plane decohesion grain boundary hydrogen embrittlement intergranular fracture load cycles magnification maraging steels mean stress metallurgical micro microstructure microvoid notch nucleation observed occur oxide replicas particles peak load plane strain plastic deformation plastic zone plastic-carbon replica quasi-cleavage region result river patterns service failures shear shown in Fig slip Society for Metals Society for Testing specimen stainless steel stress corrosion stress intensity Stress-Corrosion Cracking striation spacing sulfur tear dimples techniques temperature tensile Testing and Materials tion topography ture Two-stage Type yield strength