Paleognathous Birds from the Early Tertiary of the Northern Hemisphere

ammonium chloride AMNH Ant.-post articulation aspect of lithornithid avian BMNH bones cassowaries caudal characters Clarkforkian coated with ammonium condyle coracoid Cracraft crest Diogenornis distal end dorsal eggshell Eocene extant ratites femur flightless foramen Galliformes genus grooves Harrison and Walker holophyletic holotype humerus hypothesis ilioischiadic ilium ischium kiwis left holotype USNM left WN Lithornis celetius USNM Lithornis nasi BMNH Lithornis plebius USNM Lithornis promiscuus USNM Lithornis vulturinus BMNH lithornithids Lithornithiformes London Clay Measurements of lithornithid medial muscle Museum of Natural Natural History neognathous birds neotype nodules osseous outgroups Owen Palaeotis Paleocene paleognathous birds paleognathous palate Paracathartes howardae USNM paraphyletic Pediorallus barbarae phylogenetic primitive promiscuus USNM 336535 Prox proximal Pseudocrypturus cercanaxius Siber pygostyle quadrate ratites referred to Pediorallus Rhea rhynchokinesis Rhynchotus right holotype USNM scapula Sibley and Ahlquist skull species sternum synapomorphous TABLE tarsometatarsus taxa tentatively referred tibiotarsus Tinamiformes tinamous type locality USNM vascular canals ventral vertebrae Width Ypresian