Engineering Applications of Ultrasonic Time-of-flight Diffraction

2MHz accuracy accurate anisotropic applied austenitic B-scan beam angle calculations calibration reflector centre coefficients component compression waves crack depth defect depth Defect Detection Trials defect edge defect signals defect through-wall destructive examination detection and sizing diameter display elastic waves equation experimental fatigue crack ferritic ferritic steel flat-bottomed hole flaws fracture mechanics frequency function geometry given grain group velocity Harwell Laboratory Hawker incident inspection surface isotropic lateral wave located material measurement of defect method normal offshore structures orientation path PISC PISC-II planar plane predicted pressure vessel pressurized water reactor probe pair probe separation propagation pulse pulse-echo techniques range Rayleigh wave relative reliability Risley sample scan scanner scattering shear waves shown in Figure signal amplitudes skew slot specular reflection standard deviation thickness through-wall extent tilt Time-of-Flight Diffraction signals Time-of-Flight Diffraction technique transducer transmitter and receiver ultrasonic inspection ultrasound velocity vertical Welding Institute Zipscan