Brain Drain Or Human Capital Flight

advanced countries analogy with capital argues Australia autarky Aziz Barro Bhagwati capacity citations civil service reform curbs on migration developing countries Development Economics Diaspora distribution of professional donor Eaton and Kortum economic growth economists educational attainment endogenous growth externality factors foreign Fundamental Research Global knowledge global talent globalised governments in poor green card Haque and Kim hence human capital flight IMF Staff Papers immigration policies impact of migration implementation important incentive parity innovation institutions international agency investment issue knowledge spillovers labour Lahore level of professional Lucas management policies models Nadeem Ul normally distributed Pakistan Pareto distribution policy response poor countries poor governance Power Laws productivity profession professional achievement professional development professional quality professional skills public sector pyramid quality professionals rate of return Regets remittances research funding rich countries schooling social capital standards subsidy talent market understand University Urbania wage World Bank