Thought and Letters in Western Europe, A.D. 500 to 900

abbey abbot Alcuin Aldhelm amongst Annals Augustine became Bede Bede's Benedict Bible bishop Boethius Boniface Carolingian age Cassiodorus chapters Charlemagne Charles Charles the Bald Christian Chronicle Church Cicero codex commentary compiled composed contemporary copied death earlier early ecclesiastical edition Einhard emperor Empire English Epist example extant manuscripts Frankish Fulda Gall Gaul Greek Gregory Gregory of Tours Gregory's Hrabanus ibid Irish Isidore Isidore's Italy Jerome John Scotus king language later Latin letters liberal arts literary literature liturgical Lombard Louis the Pious Lupus Martianus mediaeval Merovingian Middle Ages monastery monastic monks ninth century Notker Orosius pagan passages Paul the Deacon poem poetry poets Pope prose pupils religious Roman Rome ruler saints scholars Script scriptorium secular Sedulius Sedulius Scottus sources survived teacher theological thou Tours translation treatise Vergil verse Visigothic words writings written