The Physical Metallurgy of Steels

Acta Metall activation energy AISI alloy alloying elements alpha iron annealing ASTM austenite grain bainite Burgers vector carbide carbon content carbon steels carburizing cementite composition concentration Continuous cooling transformation cooling crack decrease density diameter diffusion ductility effect elongation embrittlement ferrite Figure flow stress formation fracture grain boundaries grain growth hardening hardness HSLA steels increases interstitial solutes Iron Steel Inst isothermal transformation lattice low-carbon steels magnetic martensite maximum Metals Park nitriding nitrogen nucleation occurs particles pearlite permission phase plane precipitation produce quenched R.A. Grange range recrystallization reduced room temperature screw dislocations segregation shear sheet shown in Fig slip solid solution solubility solute atoms specimen stainless steels strain aging strain rate strengthening structure subgrain substitutional solutes surface tempering tensile strength texture tion tool steels toughness Trans transformation diagram W.C. Leslie yield strength yield stress