Organizational EcologyHarvard University Press, 1989 - 366 頁 Michael T. Hannan and John Freeman examine the ecology of organizations by exploring the competition for resources and by trying to account for rates of entry and exit and for the diversity of organizational forms. They show that the destinies of organizations are determined more by impersonal forces than by the intervention of individuals. |
內容
Organizations and Social Structure | 3 |
Organizational Diversity | 7 |
Perspectives on Organizational Change | 10 |
The Demography and Ecology of Organizations | 13 |
Population Thinking | 15 |
Evolution of Organizational Forms | 17 |
Dynamic and Comparative Analysis | 24 |
Theoretical Background | 28 |
Semiconductor Merchant Producers | 164 |
Newspaper Publishers in San Francisco | 175 |
Comparison of Data Sets | 176 |
Models and Methods of Analysis | 178 |
Describing Organizational Histories | 179 |
Models for Transition Rates | 184 |
Counting Process Models | 192 |
Estimation and Testing | 194 |
Comparison of Contemporary Approaches | 33 |
Controversies and Misunderstandings | 35 |
Managerial Implications and Applications | 40 |
Boundaries of Forms and Populations | 45 |
Approaches to Defining Forms | 48 |
A Focus on Boundaries | 53 |
Boundary Dynamics and Diversity | 60 |
Implications for Research | 62 |
Structural Inertia and Organizational Change | 66 |
Structural Inertia | 70 |
A Hierarchy of Inertial Forces | 77 |
Variations in Strength of Inertia | 80 |
Competition and the Niche | 91 |
The Principle of Isomorphism | 93 |
The Niche | 95 |
Classical Competition Theory | 97 |
Niche Overlap and Competition | 103 |
Modeling the Dynamics of Organizational Populations | 117 |
Effects of Environments on Carrying Capacities | 123 |
Conceptualizing the Size of Populations | 129 |
Carrying Capacities and Density Dependence | 131 |
Rate Dependence and Diversity Dependence | 141 |
Dynamics of Selection | 143 |
Methods | 145 |
Designs of Empirical Studies | 147 |
National Labor Unions | 153 |
Empirical Findings | 199 |
The Population Ecology of Founding and Entry | 201 |
Founding Rates of Labor Unions | 207 |
Entry Rates of Semiconductor Manufacturing Firms | 224 |
Founding Rates of Newspaper Firms | 238 |
Comparisons and Contrasts | 243 |
Age Dependence in Failure Rates | 244 |
The Liability of Newness | 245 |
National Labor Unions | 247 |
Exits of Semiconductor Manufacturing Firms | 267 |
The Population Ecology of Organizational Mortality | 271 |
Disbanding Rates of Labor Unions | 273 |
Exit Rates of Semiconductor Firms | 293 |
Failure Rates of Newspaper Firms | 305 |
Comparisons and Contrasts | 308 |
Dynamics of Niche Width and Mortality | 310 |
Niche Width and Mortality of Restaurants | 314 |
Niche Width and Exit Rates of Semiconductor Firms | 323 |
Comparisons and Contrasts | 329 |
Conclusions | 331 |
Implications of the Research | 332 |
Problems for Analysis | 336 |
References | 343 |
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actors adaptation age dependence American analysis analyzing boundaries Carroll carrying capacity chapter column competition covariates craft unions cross-effect defined density dependence develop disbanding rates discussed dynamics effects of density empirical entry rate environmental environments evolutionary example exit rate favor Figure fitness functions founding rate function gamma distribution gamma model generalists growth rates Hannan and Freeman hazard hazard function implies independent firms industrial unions inertia kinds of organizations legitimacy likelihood likelihood ratio test merger ML estimates mortality rate national labor unions niche width non-monotonic observed orga organizational change organizational diversity organizational ecology organizational forms organizational populations parameters pattern period effects Poisson regression political population ecology populations of organizations production r-strategists restaurants scale parameter selection processes semiconductor firms significantly social Sociological specialists subpopulations subsidiary firms Table theory tional tions transition rates variability variations Weibull model workers zero