Economic Perspectives on Nature Tourism, Conservation and Development

annual Aylward Benefits of Nature biodiversity biodiversity conservation Botswana carrying capacity Cloud Forest Cloud Forest Biological conservation agencies consumer surplus CONTINGENT VALUATION Costa Rica Creemers developing countries diving Driml ecological economic analysis economic benefits economic development ecotourism environmental damage estimated financial and economic foreign exchange Forest Biological Preserve Galápagos National Park Hanauma Bay Hurghada incentives income increased Indirect investment Kenya lack landowners leakages Lindberg lodge Maasai million Monteverde Cloud Forest Monteverde PR Namibia nature tourism destinations Nature Tourism's Economic NUMBER OF VISITORS opportunity costs potential private reserves private sector protected area tourism protected areas Ranches rates of return result Sharm significant South Africa Southgate 1996 stakeholder studies sustainable development Table tour operators tourism enterprises tourism operators tourist expenditures travel cost method user fees visitor numbers visitors surveyed wildlife conservation wildlife tourism willingness to pay World Heritage Areas Zimbabwe