The Science of Engineering Materials

addition alloy amount applied atoms austenite band base becomes bonding boundary carbon casting cell ceramics chemical combination completely components composition concentration conductivity considered constant continuous cooling corrosion creep crystal decrease deformation depends determined developed diagram diffusion direction discussed effect electrical electrons elements energy equilibrium eutectic eutectoid example factors failure force formation fracture give given glass grain grain boundaries hardening hardness heat important increases indicated ions iron lattice less limited liquid load lower martensite materials mechanical melting metal mold molecules normal obtained occurs operation oxide pearlite peritectic phase planes polymers position possible practical precipitation pressure produce properties reaction relatively resistance result shown in Fig shows similar slip solid solution specific steel strain strength stress structure surface Table temperature tests thermal tion transformation unit usually various volume welding