Iron and SteelThis book is intended both as a resource for engineers and as an introduction to the layman about our most important metal system. After an introduction that deals with the history and refining of iron and steel, the rest of the book examines their physical properties and metallurgy. To elaborate on the importance of iron and steel, we can refer to the fact that modern civilization as we know it would not be possible without it. Steel is essential in the machinery necessary for manufacturing that meets our needs. Even the words themselves have come to suggest strength. Phrases such as 'iron willed', 'iron fisted', 'iron clad', 'iron curtain' and 'pumping iron' imply strength. A 'steely glance' is a stern look. 'A heart of steel' refers to a very hard demeanor. The Russian dictator, Stalin (which means steel in Russian), chose the name to invoke fear in those under him. |
Contents
1 General Introduction | 1 |
2 Early History of Iron and Steel | 4 |
3 Modern Steel Making | 11 |
4 Constitution of Carbon Steels | 25 |
5 Plastic Strength | 35 |
6 Annealing | 51 |
7 Deformation Mechanisms and Crystallographic Textures | 66 |
8 Substitutional Solid Solutions | 80 |
15 LowCarbon Sheet Steel | 167 |
16 Sheet Steel Formability | 179 |
17 Alloy Steels | 195 |
18 Other Steels | 198 |
19 Stainless Steels | 205 |
20 Fracture | 218 |
21 Cast Irons | 234 |
22 Magnetic Behavior of Iron | 256 |
9 Interstitial Solid Solutions | 90 |
10 Diffusion | 98 |
11 Strain Aging | 104 |
12 Austenite Transformation | 113 |
13 Hardenability | 137 |
14 Tempering and Surface Hardening | 150 |
23 Corrosion | 276 |
APPENDIX I Physical properties of pure iron | 291 |
293 | |
295 | |
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Common terms and phrases
alloying elements alloys annealing anode ASM Metals Handbook atoms austempered austenite austenite grain bainite carbide carbon content carburizing cathode cementite chromium cooling corrosion CRC Press 2010 curve Data decreases diffusion dislocations domain ductile cast iron effect elongation embrittlement Equation eutectoid Fe3C ferrite ferromagnetic flow stress fracture furnace grain boundaries grain growth graphite hardness heat treatment ibid illustrated in Figure increases interstitial J. D. Verhoeven Jominy lattice low-carbon steel lower magnetic magnetostriction manganese martensite material microstructure molten nickel nitrogen occurs ofSteels oxidation oxygen pearlite phase diagram Physical Metallurgy plain-carbon steel produced quenched R-value recrystallization retained austenite Shaping and Treating sheet shown in Figure silicon solubility solution stainless steels steel containing strain aging strain rate surface temperature tempering tensile strength texture Trans transformation Treating of Steel U.S. Steel U.S. Steel Corp W. C. Leslie W. F. Hosford yield strength