Smart Structures and Materials: Electroactive polymer actuators and devices

acid active Actuators and Devices anode applied voltage artificial muscles bending carbon nanotubes cations cell charge chemical cluster coefficient composite concentration conducting polymers constant contraction copolymer Cyclic voltammetry deformation density Devices EAPAD dielectric displacement EAPap effect elastic modulus elastomer electric field Electroactive Polymer Electroactive Polymer Actuators electrochemical electrode electrostatic electrostrictive energy equation experimental ferroelectric field induced strain filament film force frequency function hydrogen ICPF increase Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites ionic polymers ions IPMC irradiated layer linear Materials 2000 maximum measured membrane motion MV/m Nafion P(VDF-TrFE PAN fibers parameters parylene performance piezoelectric platinum polarization polyelectrolyte gels polymer gels polymerization polypyrrole potential Proceedings of SPIE sample sarcomere sensors Shahinpoor shown in Figure silicone Smart Structures solid polymer electrolyte solution solvent strain response Structures and Materials surface swelling temperature thickness unimorph voltage Yoseph Bar-Cohen Young's modulus