Advances in X-Ray Analysis: Volume 17: Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Conference on Applications of X-Ray Analysis Held in Denver, August 22–24, 1973C. Grant The successful application of x-r~ diffraction techniques and x-r~ spectrometry depends in large measure on the availability of dependable standards and reference data. The preparation of such standards in the fields of metallurgy, geology, life sciences, and other disciplines is both costly and time consuming. As a result. the necessary standards for effective utilization of existing instrumentation are often not available. One of the purposes of the invited papers in this 22nd Annual Denver X-Ray Conference was tc review the status of programs to prepare such standards and reference data. Simultaneously, it seemed appropriate to examine the role of sampling both in terms of standards and samples to be analyzed. The first section of the invited papers focuses on the standards and reference data problems. In addition, many of the contributed papers offer information on this theme. The second topic in the invited papers consi ders the problem of sampling. If we recognize that analyses are conducted on samples which vary in size from several grams to a few micrograms or less, the magnitude of the random and systematic error components of sam pling on the quality of results should be obvious. Many of the contributed papers in such fields as air pollution and similar disciplines speak clear ly to the difficulty of obtaining "representative" samples. The papers contained in this volume and the many lively discussions such as the panel discussion at the close of the first session of papers should stimulate further attention to this vital topic. |
Contents
Preface | 1 |
Standard Reference Materials Their Production and Use | 16 |
Provision Suitability and Stability of Standards | 32 |
Copyright | |
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ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS accuracy alloys aluminum analytical angle angular application approximately atomic number Auger austenite background beam beryllium Bragg angle calculated calibration curves chemical chromium Clay Minerals composition concentration copper correction factors cross sections crystal detector determined diffractometer diffusion diode disk distribution effect electron elements emission energy equation excitation experimental filter fraction geometry instrument intensity ratios ionization iron Kaolinite laboratory laser lattice MASS ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS material matrix measured metal method Montmorillonite obtained oxide parameters particles pattern peak percent phase photoelectron photoionization photon Phys plasmas plutonium powder Powder Diffraction precision produced quantitative radiation range reflection residual resin resin-loaded paper sampling error scattering silicon slit solution specimen spectra spectrometer steel stress substrate sulfur sulphur surface Table target technique thickness thin film tion values wavelength weight X-Ray Analysis X-ray diffraction x-ray fluorescence X-ray intensity x-ray tube zinc