Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-performance Alloys

alloy steel alloying elements annealed applications as-cast as-quenched hardness HRC ASTM austenite carbide carbon content carbon steel cast irons cast steels center Center Mild Center Mild water CG iron chromium coating cold drawn cold-rolled cooling rate Diameters of rounds Distance from quenched ductile iron effect Elongation fatigue ferrite formability grade grain graphite gray iron hardenability Hardness limits heat treated heat treatment high-strength Hot rolled hot-rolled HSLA steels incl increase limits for specification Location in round low-alloy steels machining malleable iron manganese martensite Maximum Minimum mechanical properties metal microalloyed microstructure Mild water quench molybdenum MPa ksi niobium oil quench pearlite precipitation strengthening produced quenched and tempered quenched end radius from center range reduction round Quench silicon specimens spring steel bars steel sheet strip structural Surface Mild Table tensile strength thermal thickness tion tubing vanadium welded white iron wire yield strength