The Study of Metal Structures and Their Mechanical Properties

activation energy alloy aluminum amplitudes angle annealed applied stress atoms axial tension axis Bauschinger beam brittle Burgers vector cell chromium concentrate copper creep cross slip crystallites cycles cyclic strain deformation diffusion dislocation cracks disorientation distortion ductile ductile metal edge dislocations effect elastic strain energy equilibrium etch example exhibit extension fatigue Figure fracture grain boundaries hardening initial internal stress interstitials ions lattice plane lattice spacing LB-IN loading loop measure microcracks normal observations occur orientation percent perpendicular phase pinned plastic flow plastic strain polycrystalline polycrystalline metal produce range recovery recrystallization reflection ring reflection spots regions reverse rumpling schematic screw dislocation shear strain shear stress shows single crystal slip direction slip plane slip zones solid specimen stage steel strain-hardening stress/strain curve structure surface layers temperature tensile theory thermal tion TORQUE torsion transverse TWIST unidirectional strain X-ray diffraction yield yield stress