The Era of Materials

adsorption alloys aluminum amorphous applications aqueous atoms batteries borane buffing carbon catalyst cell ceramics chemical components composition concentration copolymers corrosion crack crystal structure crystalline defects density devices diamond dielectric dissolution effect electrical electrochemical electrolyte electron Engineering equation equilibrium example experimental ferroelectric fibers film formation fracture free energy function glass graft copolymer grain boundary grain boundary diffusion graphite groups growth H₂O heat high temperature hydrogen bonded increase interactions interdiffusion interface ions kinetics laser lattice layer Materials Science matrix mechanism metal microstructure miscible mixing molecular molecules nucleation orientation oxide oxygen particles Pennsylvania State University phase diagram phase transformations Phys piezoelectric polyimide polymer polymer blends polyolefins potential precipitate produced properties reaction resistance semiconductor shown in Figure silicon carbide silicon nitride solid solution species spinodal decomposition stress substrate superalloys surface diffusion thermal thermodynamic thickness tion transition vapor weld pool