Metallurgy for Engineers: Casting, Welding, and Working

alloys aluminum annealing atoms austenite austenite grain bainite brazing carbide cast iron cementite cent carbon centrifugal casting chemical chills chromium clay coatings cold composition containing cooling rate copper core corrosion crystal curve deformation dendrites developed diffusion downgate ductility electrons energy equilibrium eutectic eutectoid ferrite forging foundry fracture freezing furnace gases gates grain boundaries graphite growth hardening hardness heat treatment impurities increases ingot ladle lattice layer liquid metal machine magnesium magnetic martensite material mechanical melting methods microstructure mold wall molding sand molten metal nickel non-ferrous nucleation nuclei operations oxide particles pattern pearlite peritectic phase plane pouring powder precipitation pressure produced properties quenched reaction recrystallization region relatively resistance risers rolls room temperature sand shape shrinkage silicon slag solid solution solidification solubility strength stress structure surface tempering tensile thermal tion transformation ture usually welding wire wolfram zinc