Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Microscopy"Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging is best known for its spectacular use in medical tomography. However the method has potential applications in biology, materials science, and chemical physics, some of which have begun to be realized as laboratory NRM spectrometers have been adapted to enable small scale imaging. NMR microscopy has available a rich variety of contrast including molecular specificity and sensitivity to molecular dynamics. In NMR imaging the signal is acquired in k-space, a dimension which bears a Fourier relationship with the positions of nuclear spins. A dynamic analogue of k-space imaging is the Pulsed Gradient Spin Echo (PGSE) experiment in which the signal is acquired in q-space, conjugate to the distances moved by the spins over a well-defined time interval. q-space microscopy provides images of the nuclear self-correlation function with a resolution some two orders of magnitude better than is possible in imaging the nuclear density. As well as revealing the spectrum of molecular motion, PGSE NMR can be used to study morphology in porous systems through the influence of motional boundaries. This book explores principles and common themes underlying these two variants of NMR Microscopy, providing many examples of their use. The methods discussed here are of importance in fundamental biological and physical research, as well as having applications in a wide variety of industries, including those concerned with petrochemicals, polymers, biotechnology, food processing and natural product processing"--Publisher |
Contents
PRINCIPLES OF IMAGING | 1 |
INTRODUCTORY NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE | 25 |
THE INFLUENCE OF MAGNETIC FIELD GRADIENTS | 72 |
33 | 127 |
35 | 135 |
CHESS | 141 |
38 | 158 |
57 | 166 |
HIGHRESOLUTION kSPACE IMAGING | 173 |
Common terms and phrases
acquisition amplitude applied artefacts axis B₁ bandwidth behaviour broadening chemical shift coefficient coherence component contrast corresponds CPMG density matrix dependence dephasing diffusion dimension dipolar interaction displacement domain echo attenuation effect encoding evolution example filter Fourier transform function gradient echo gradient pulse Hamiltonian imaging gradients inhomogeneity inversion k-space Larmor frequency lattice linewidth Magn magnetic field gradient method modulation molecular molecules motion NMR imaging NMR microscopy NMR signal nuclear magnetic resonance nuclear spin nuclei obtained PGSE experiment phase shift Phys pixel polymer pore proton NMR pulse sequence r.f. pulse raster read gradient reconstruction refocusing resolution result rotating frame sample selective excitation self-diffusion sensitivity shown in Fig signal-to-noise ratio slice selection slice thickness solid space spatial spectral spectrum spin density spin echo SSFP stimulated echo susceptibility T₁ T₂ T₂ relaxation time-scale tion tissue transverse magnetization velocity voxel water H Zeeman