The Nose, Upper Airway Physiology and the Atmospheric Environment

Acta Otolaryngol Stockh activity aerosol air pollutants airflow allergen allergic Ann Otol Rhinol Appl Physiol Arch Otolaryngol basal bronchial changes cilia ciliary ciliated cells cilium clearance Clin concentration dioxide disease duct dynein effect environment epithelial epithelium ethmoidal Eustachian tube expiratory air exposure fibers fluid function glands/mm² glandular glycoproteins goblet cell density goblet cells heat humidity increased indoor infection inferior turbinate inhaled innervation inspiratory air layer lung maxillary sinus mechanisms median density microtubules middle ear mm² mucociliary clearance mucociliary transport mucous membrane mucus nasal airway nasal cavity nasal cycle nasal glands nasal mucosa nasal passage nasal resistance nasal secretions nasopharynx nerve normal odor intensity Olfaction olfactory ostium Otol Rhinol Laryngol paranasal sinuses particles patients pharynx Physiology pollen posterior pressure Proctor DF protein pulmonary reflex respiratory mucosa respiratory tract Rev Respir rhinitis Rhinology rhinomanometry rhinovirus secretory septum sneezing studies surface temperature tissue trachea tracheobronchial upper airway velocity ventilation virus