The Rise of Professionalism: Monopolies of Competence and Sheltered Markets

academic American Physicians analysis appears association autono autonomy bourgeoisie bureaucratic capitalism capitalist career central chap Civil clients cognitive College commodity competence competition corporate division of labor doctors E. P. Thompson economic elite emergence engineering England established expertise experts fessional Flexner Flexner report Freidson function graduates groups heteronomous hierarchy Ibid ideology increasingly individual industrial inequality Inns of Court institutions Jacksonian knowledge labor power laissez-faire law schools lawyers legitimation Max Weber medicine middle class mobility modern professions monopoly movement nineteenth century occupations organization organizational percent physicians political practice practitioners Press prestige privileges production profes professional market professional project Progressive Era progressivism reform role Rothstein scientific scientific management sectors Shryock sion sional social social credit society sociological standards status stratification structure subordinate superior technical technobureaucratic tends tion traditional typical Univ urban use-value workers York