ticle being once expressed, the repetition of it becomes unnecessary. There is, however, an exception to this observation, when some peculiar emphasis requires a repetition; as in the following sentence. "Not only the year, but the day and the hour." In this case, the ellipsis of the last article would be improper. When a different form of the article is requisite, the article is also properly repeated: as, a house and an orchard;" instead of, "a house and orchard."

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2 The noun is frequently omitted in the following manner. 'The laws of God and man ;" that is, "the laws of God and the laws of man." In some very emphatical expressions, the ellipsis should not be used: as, "Christ the power of God, and the wisdom of God;" which is more emphatical than, "Christ the power and wisdom of God.”

3 The ellipsis of the adjective is used in the following manner. "A delightful garden and orchard;" that is, "a delightful garden and a delightful orchard;" "A little man and woman;" that is, "A little man and a little woman." In such elliptical expressions as these, the adjective ought to have exactly the same signification, and to be quite as proper, when joined to the latter substantive as to the former; otherwise the ellipsis should not be admitted.

Sometimes the ellipsis is improperly applied to nouns of different numbers: as, "A magnificent house and gardens." In this case it is better to use another adjective; as, "A magnificent house and fine gardens."

"I love and "My house

4 The following is the ellipsis of the pronoun. fear him;" that is, "I love him, and I fear him." and lands;" that is, "my house and my lands." In these instances the ellipsis may take place with propriety; but if we would be more express and emphatical, it must not be used: as, "His friends and his foes;" "My sons and my daughters."

In some of the common forms of speech, the relative pronoun is usually omitted: as, "This is the man they love;" instead of, "This is the man whom they love." "These are the goods they bought;" for, "These are the goods which they bought."

In complex sentences, it is much better to have the relative pronoun expressed: as it is more proper to say, "The posture in which I lay," than, "In the posture I lay:"The horse on which I rode, fell down;" than "The horse I rode fell down." The antecedent and the relative connect the parts of a sentence together, and, to prevent obscurity and confusion, should answer to each other with great exactness. "We speak that we do know, and testify that we have seen." Here the ellipsis is manifestly improper, and ought to be supplied: as, "We speak that which we do know, and testify that which we have seen."

5 The ellipsis of the verb is used in the following instances. "The man was old and crafty;" that is, "The man was old, and the inan was crafty." "She was young, and beautiful, and good;" that is, "She was young, she was beautiful, and she was good."

"Thou art poor, and wretched, and miserable, and blind, and naked." If we would fill up the ellipsis in the last sentence, thou art ought to be repeated before each of the adjectives.

If, in such enumeration, we choose to point out one property above the rest, that property must be placed last, and the ellip sis supplied: as, "She is young and beautiful, and she is good." "I went to see and hear him;" that is, "I went to see and I went to hear him." In this instance there is not only an ellipsis of the governing verb I went, but likewise of the sign of the infinitive mood, which is governed by it.

Do, did, have, had, shall, will, may, might, and the rest of the auxiliaries of the compound tenses, are frequently used alone, to spare the repetition of the verb: as, "He regards his word, but thou dost not:" i. e. "dost not regard it." "We succeeded, but they did not ;" ;" "did not succeed." "I have learned my task, but thou hast not ;""hast not learned." " They must, and they shall be punished;" that is, "They must be punished.' "See the KEY.

6 The ellipsis of the adverb is used in the following manner. "He spoke and acted wisely.;" that is, "He spoke wisely, and he acted wisely." "Thrice I went and offered my service;" that is, "Thrice I went, and thrice I offered my service."

7 The ellipsis of the preposition, as well as of the verb, is seen in the following instances: "He went into the abbeys, halls, and public buildings;", that is, "he went into the abbeys, he went into the halls, and he went into the public buildings." "He also

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"He

went through all the streets and lanes of the city;" that is, Through all the streets, and through all the lanes," &c. spoke to every man and woman there," that is, "to every man and to every woman.' "This day, next month, last year;" that is, "on this day, in the next month, in the last year;" "The Lord do that which seemeth him good;" that is, "which seem eth to him."

8 The ellipsis of the conjunction is as follows: "They confess the power, wisdom, goodness, and love, of their Creator;" i. e. "the power, and wisdom, and goodness, and love of," &c. "Though I love him, I do not flatter him," that is, "Though I love him, yet I do not flatter him."

9 The ellipsis of the interjection is not very common; it, however, is sometimes used: as, "Oh! pity and shame!" that is, "Oh pity! Oh shame!"

As the ellipsis occurs in almost every sentence in the English language, numerous examples of it might be given; but only a few more can be admitted here.

In the following instance there is a very considerable one : "He will often argue, that if this pa of our trade were well cultivated, we should gain from one nation; and if another, from another;" that is, "He will often argue, that if this part of our trade were well cultivated, we should gain from one ration, and if another part of our trade were well cultivated, we should gain from another nation."

N

The following instances, though short, contain much of the ef ipsis: "Wo is me ;” i. e. “wo is to me." "To let blood;" i. e to let out blood." "To let down i. e. 66 to let it fall or slide down." "To walk a mile;" i. e. "to walk through the space of a mile." "To sleep all night;" i. e. "To sleep through all the night." "To go a fishing ;""To go a hunting :" i. e. “tɔ go on a fishing voyage or business;" "to go on a hunting party.” "I dine at two o'clock;" i. e. "at two of the clock." "By sea, by land, on shore:" i. e. "By the sea, by the land, on the shore." 10 The examples that follow are produced to show the inpropriety of ellipsis in some particular cases. "The land was always possessed, during pleasure, by those intrusted with the command;" it should be, "those persons intrusted;" or, " those who were intrusted." "If he had read further, he would have found several of his objections might have been spared:" that is, "he would have found that several of his objections," &c. "There is nothing men are more deficient in, than knowing their own characters." It ought to be, "nothing in which men ;" and, "than in knowing." "I scarcely know any part of natural philosophy would yield more variety and use;" it should be," which would yield," &c. "In the temper of mind he was then;" i. e." in which he then was.' ""The little satisfaction and consistency, to be found in most of the systems of divinity I have met with, made me betake myself to the sole reading of the Scriptures:" it ought to be, "which are to be found," and "which I have met with.". "He desired they might go to the altar together, and jointly return their thanks to whom only they were due;" i. e. " to him to whom," &c.

RULE XXII.

All the parts of a sentence should correspond to each other a regular and dependent construction, throughout, should be carefully preserved. The following sentence is therefore inaccurate : He was more beloved, but not so much admired, as Cinthio." It should be, "He was more beloved than Cinthio, but not so much admired."

The first example under this rule, presents a most irregular construction, namely, "He was more beloved as Cinthio." The words more and so much, are very improperly stated as having the same regimen. In correcting such sentences, it is not necessary to supply the latter ellipsis; because it cannot lead to any discordant or improper construction, and the supply would often be harsh or inelegant. See p. 141.

As the 22d Rule comp hends all the preceding rules, it may at the first view, appear to be too general to be useful. But by ranging under it a number of sentences peculiarly constructed we shall perceive, that it is calculated to ascertain the true gram matical construction of many modes of expression, which none of the particular rules can sufficiently explain.

“This dedication may serve for almost any book, that has, is or shall be published." It ought to be, “that has been, of shal. be published." "He was guided by interests always different, sometimes contrary to, those of the community;" "different from" or, "always different from those of the community, and sometimes contrary to them." "Will it be urged that these books are as old, or even older than tradition ?" The words, “as old," and "older," cannot have a common regimen; it should be "as old as tradition, or even older." "It requires few talents to which, most men are not born, or at least may not acquire ;" or which, at least they may not acquire." "The court of chancery frequently mitigates and breaks the teeth of the common law." In this construction, the first verb is said, "to mitigate the teeth of the common law," which is an evident solecism. "Mitigates the common law, and breaks the teeth of it," would have been grammatical.

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They presently grow into good humour, and good language towards the crown;" grow into good language," is very improper, "There is never wanting a set of evil instruments, who either out of mad zeal, private hatred, or filthy lucre, are always ready," &c. We say properly, "A man acts out of mad zeal," or, out of private hatred;" but we cannot say, if we would speak English. "he acts out of filthy lucre." "To double her kindness and caresses of me ;" the word "kindness" requires to be followed by either to or for, and cannot be construed with the preposition uf. "Never was man so teased, or suffered half the uneasiness, as I have done this evening:" the first and third clauses, viz. "Never was man so teased, as I have done this evening." cannot be joined without an impropriety; and to connect the second and third, the word that must be substituted for as; "Or suffered half the uneasiness that I have done;" or else, "half so much uneasiness as I have suffered."

The first part of the following sentence abounds with adverbs, and those such as are hardly consistent with one another: "How much soever the reformation of this degenerate age is almost utterly to be despaired of, we may yet have a more comfortable prospect of future times." The sentence would be more correct in the following form: Though the reformation of this degene rate age is nearly to be despaired of," &c.

"Oh! shut not up my soul with the sinners, nor my life with the blood-thirsty; in whose hands is wickedness, and their righthand is full of gifts." As the passage, introduced by the copulative conjunction and, was not intended as a continuation of ne principal and independent part of the sentence, but of the Jependent part, the relative whose should have been used instead of the possessive their ; viz. " and whose right-hand is full of gifts." 'Eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither have entered into the heart of man, the things which God hath prepared for them that love him." There seems to be an impropriety in this instance, in which the same noun serves in a double capacity, per

forming at the same tiine the offices both of the nominative and objective cases. "Neither hath it entered into the heart of man, to conceive the things," &c. would have been regular.

"We have the power of retaining, altering, and compounding those images which we have once received, into all the varieties of picture and vision." It is very proper to say, “altering and compounding those images which we have once received, into all the varieties of picture and vision;" but we can with no pro priety say, "retaining them into all the varieties ;" and yet, ac cording to the manner in which the words are ranged, this construction is unavoidable: for "retaining, altering, and compounding," are participles, each of which equally refers to, and governs the subsequent noun, those images; and that noun again is necessarily connected with the following preposition, into. The construction might easily have been rectified, by disjoining the participle retaining from the other two participles, in this way: "We have the power of retaining those images which we have once received, and of altering and compounding them into all the varieties of picture and vision;" or, perhaps, better thus: "We have the power of retaining, altering, and compounding those images which we have once received, and of forming them into all the varieties of picture and vision.”

INTERJECTION.

For the syntax of the Interjection, see Rule v. Note 11, page 106, and Note 9, of Rule xxi.

DIRECTIONS FOR PARSING.

As we have finished the explanatior of the different parts of speech, and the rules for forming their into sentences, it is now proper to give some examples of the manner in which the learners should be exercised, in order to prove their knowledge, and to render it familiar to them. This is called parsing. The na ture of the subject, as well as the adaptation of it to learners requires that it should be divided into two parts; viz. parsing, a it respects etymology alone; and parsing, as it respects both etymology and syntax.*

SECTION I. Specimens of Etymological Parsing.

"Virtue ennobles us."

Virtue is a common substantive, of the neuter gender, the third person, the singular number, and in the nominative case Decline the noun.) Ennobles is a regular verb active, indicative mood, present tense, and the third person singular. (Repeat the present tense, the imperfect tense, and the perfect participle.) Us is a personal pronoun, of the first person plural, and in the objective case. (Decline it.)

* See the "General Directions for using the English Exercises," prefixed to the eighth and every subsequent edition of that book.

The learner should occasionally repeat all the moods and tenses of the verb.