Out of 539,691 children of the school age, 511,785 seem actually to have gone to school in Bohemia; and out of 289,710 in Moravia and Silesia, 279,975 were at school in 1843. If the repetition schools be added, the number of scholars exceeds the number bound to attend by law by 366,184 in the two provinces. The cost of instruction does not exceed 2s. per child annually for those attending the elementary schools. Austria. In the archduchy of Lower Austria, in which the capital is situated, 157,683 children attended school in 1842 out of 161,120, or about 97 per cent. In Upper Austria the attendance was 98 per cent.; in Stiria, 80 per cent.; in Illyria, 30 per cent.; in Tyrol, 104 per cent.; in Galicia (Poland), 16 per cent.; in Dalmatia, 33 per cent.; in Transylvania, 74 per cent.; in the military frontier,— The numbers here given are without taking the repetition schools into account, which were frequented altogether by 658,177 children. These numbers do not follow the numbers of the schools established. Galicia.-Galicia, with an attendance of only 84,799 has 2132 schools; whereas Moravia has but 1955 schools, attended by 279,975 children. The elementary schools divide into three classes: chief schools are found in the large towns; and trivial schools in nearly every parish, the greater part of which, in the country, serve for children of both sexes. There were also 2250 elementary girls' schools in all provinces in 1843. The law enjoining that all children should attend school on the responsibility of their parents and guardians was passed by Joseph II. for the old German and Slavonian provinces. It was extended to the provinces subsequently acquired by conquest. The majority of the schools are for children of the Roman Catholic persuasion; there are, however, 2246 schools of other persuasions, of which the Protestants have the majority. The Greek Church has 286 schools in Transylvania alone. Bohemia has the greatest number of Jewish schools. With regard to languages, the necessities of the respective districts are consulted, and, although German is taught in the greater part of the elementary schools, yet religious instruction and reading are taught in the national dialect, whatever it may be. It consequently not unfrequently happens that religious instruction is given by the clergy and catechists in several languages, as well as according to different confessions, in the same school, and this is everywhere more or less the case in all the provinces that have partially a Slavonic population. Thus, within the precincts of the capital there is a school, in which instruction is given both in German and in modern Greek. Small as the province of Lower Austria is, there are six schools on the Moravian frontier, in which instruction is given half in German and half in Moravian; and in six others the Bohemian and German languages are united. The demands made on the Department of Public Instruction, arising out of the variety of languages, will appear from the following statement of the schools under its direction, in which those of Hungary are not included. The total number of elementary schools in the empire is 20,230. 6374 German schools. 6169 Italian schools. The mixed schools comprise,- 7 German and Moravian 515 German and Polish 55 German and Ruthenian 204 German and Wend 88 German and Carniolan 50 German and Italian. 1 Hungarian and Wallachian. Mixed schools, with The German language is taught in 7484 schools, Italian in 6294, Slavonic dialects in 6019, Hungarian (out of Hungary) in 1122, Wallachian in 553, and Greek in 3 schools. Assuming, as official reports warrant, that the Slavonic population (exclusive of Hungary) consists of 10,000,000 souls, the German of 6,500,000, the Italian of 5,000,000, and the Hungarian (Magyar) of 1,500,000 in Transylvania, the proportion of school provision would be,— In the Slavonic provinces, on an average, 1 school to 1827 inhabs. In the German provinces, In Italy, In Transylvania, دو 1 school to 869 inhabs. 1 school to 794 inhabs. 1 school to 1000 inhabs. There is no return made for Hungary, with 11,000,000 of inhabitants, of whom 5,500,000 are Hungarians (Magyars) and 5,500,000 Slavonians and Wallachians. The school attendance is stated to vary in the following proportions in the various provinces. SCHOOL ATTENDANCE in proportion to One of the Population. The average school attendance for the whole empire is calculated to be 1 in 9 for boys, and 1 in 12 for girls. The total expenditure for education, local and general, is shown. in the following table. TABLE showing the INCOME of SCHOOLS in the Empire of Austria. From this table it appears that of the sum applied to elementary education little more than one-third is raised as school-money from those immediately enjoying the benefit. TABLE showing the NUMBER of CHILDREN and the SCHOOL ATTENDANCE in the Empire of Austria. TABLE showing the NUMBER of PARISHES and of SCHOOLS, according to their Religious The schools returned as not Roman Catholic include the Greek persuasion as well as Protestant schools, the two not being distinguished in the official return. HOLLAND. The first impulse to improved primary instruction in Holland Maatschappij tot Nut van't Algemeen. ment in their efforts to train schoolmasters, and excite attention to the state of schools. In 1806 the various edicts and regulations, published from time to time, were digested into a law, and were generalized for the guidance of the country at large. The French invasion curtailed the means applied to education; still the Dutch system was, as early as 1812, thought worthy of a special inquiry by Commissioners deputed from the University of Paris, who reported with no small admiration respecting it. On the restoration of peace in 1814, the first care of the king was directed to the state of public education, which by a law of that year was restored to the footing of 1806. Every province was divided into educational districts, and a school inspector was appointed to each district. A provincial School Commission was named from amongst the leading inhabitants of each province to co-operate with the inspectors, and a sum was charged on the budget for the educational outlay, from which the travelling expenses of the Commissioners were to be defrayed. The governments of the towns and provinces were charged with. the cost of maintaining the schools, for which they provide in their local budgets. Teachers were classified into four ranks, according to their acquirements and qualifications, and received their appointments from Government. A sum was also destined for the encouragement of associations of teachers, who were to meet to confer on school management, to visit each other's schools, and to study in common the duties incumbent on their profession. The best known methods of instruction were sought and tried, and a catalogue of the best school books was prepared and published in the course of the year 1814. Attention was also directed to the state of education in the eastern and western colonies, and schoolmasters and books were selected to be sent to both. In 1817 two normal schools were founded at Haarlem and at Lier, near Antwerp, in addition to that which already existed at Groningen, supported by the Society for the General Good. Fifty teachers were annually to be trained at the two new seminaries; 14 were usually educated at Groningen. Similar seminaries likewise existed in several provinces of Belgium, in which part of the kingdom the state of popular education was, notwithstanding, very low. A new institution was this year decreed in a jury of five inhabitants, appointed for each province. The jury was intended to examine candidates for the office of schoolmaster, and to suggest and approve of means for the amelioration of the state of education in Belgium. In 1818 the sum of 25,000 florins (20807.) was placed on the budget of the southern provinces in aid of education, although rich foundations are common in Belgium. In 1819 the sum of 14,000 florins (11667.) was granted to augment the salaries of deserving schoolmasters, and the grant to the |