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RULE XXXIII.-The complete participle and not the past tense must be used after the verbs have and be; as, "I have written;" "It is broken;" not, "I have wrote;" "It was broke."

EXERCISE XXXIII.

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He has wrote a letter. He has mistook his true interest. He has broke the bottle. The price of cloth has lately rose very much. He has spoke candidly. I would have wrote a letter. He would have went with us, had he been invited. showed into the drawing-room. The river was froze. They have chose the part of honor and virtue. The coat was wove throughout. The horse was stole. His resolution was too strong to be shook by slight opposition. Philosophers have often mistook the true source of happiness. The French language is spoke in every kingdom in Europe.

Exercise on the Notes. (1.) I seen him yesterday. They seen him often. He soon begun to be weary of having nothing to do. Ḥe run the risk of being discovered. He was greatly heated, and he drunk with avidity.

"So shall my days in one sad tenor run,

And end in sorrow as they first begun."

(2. Vary the following.)-They beheld him ascend the ladder. They observed him take the book. I have frequently seen him teach his children. They often heard him recite his poems. John felt the robber steal the purse from his pocket. When he sees victory to incline to his side, let him behave respectfully to his antagonist.3

The complete participle must not be used instead of the past tense; thus, "He begun," should be, "He began ;" and "He run;" "He "Violations of Rule XXXIII. are frequently found in poetry; as, "And the widows of Ashur are loud in their wail!

ran.

And the idols are broke in the temples of Baal!

And the might of the Gentile unsmote by the sword,

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Hath melted, like snow, in the glance of the Lord!"—Byron. In the above example, are broke," should be, are broken," and "unsmote," should be "unsmitten."

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2 The incomplete participle is often used instead of the infinitive, after the verbs, behold, feel, find, hear, observe, purpose, see, and watch. The infinitive denotes the simple action, thus, "I saw the ship sail,' means that I saw the ship commencing her voyage, but "I saw the ship sailing," means that I beheld her continuing her voyage.

RULE XXXIV. Verbs that depend on each other must be put in corresponding tenses; as, " He says that he will," "He said that he would," "I think he can;" "I thought he could.”

Obs. Similarly we must say, "I say that I will go, if I be able or if I can ;" "I said that I would go, if I were able or if I could;" “I said that I would have gone, if I had been able,” (see 212.)

EXERCISE XXXIV.

I shall be obliged, if you would lend me the book. I shall soon return to London, that I might be in time to receive you. I said that I will go immediately. Ye will not come unto me, that ye might have rest. It was necessary, that he may provide a substitute. He says that he would. I shall be obliged, if you would lend me the book. He said that he will come if he could. He said that he would come, if he can. He said that he would have come, if he received an invitation. If the letter arrived, he would have acknowledged its receipt.

Exercise on the Notes. (1.) The intentions of some of these philosophers, nay of many of them, might and probably were good. He invoked the only aid that ever has, or ever will, arrest the march of revolution. Religious principle is the only power that ever has, or ever will successfully combat the allurements of passion. (2.) He speaks as if he is confident of success. He spoke of the coronation, as if he witnessed that ceremony.3

Part of an auxiliary or of a compound tense must not be used, which conveys no precise meaning without the remainder, thus, "The reward has already, or will hereafter be given to him," should be "has been already or will hereafter be given to him." Also, "He was the only man that ever has, or ever will act so bravely," should be, "that ever has acted, or ever will act so bravely."

2 When the subsequent verb immediately follows the words as if, the past tense denotes present time and the past-perfect denotes past time; as, "He studies as if he expected a prize;" •" "He studied as if he had expected a prize." The perfect is used after the same words, when the completion of a future action is implied; as, “He will never succeed until he has practised economy.

3 When negation is implied the past tense of the Subjunctive Mood denotes present time, and the past-perfect denotes past time; thus, in the phrase, "If I had the letter I would give it ;" the past tense 66 had," denotes that, "I have not the letter at the present time;" and in the phrase, “If I had had the letter, I would have given it," the past-perfect had had" implies that I had not the letter at some past period.

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RULE XXXV. When the participle ending in -ing is used as a noun, it requires an article before it and of after it; as, "The acting of the tragedian was excellent."

Obs--Participles used as nouns are frequently preceded by a noun or pronoun in the possessive case; as, "He admired the tragedian's acting." Participles derived from transitive verbs govern the objective case; as, "Praising him;" ;" "Improving them."

EXERCISE XXXV.

(Form in -ing used as a Verbal Noun.) Their consent was necessary for the raising any supplies. Thus the saving a great nation devolved on a husbandman. That burning the capital was a wanton outrage. (Change the form in -ing into an equivalent expression.) It is dangerous playing with edge tools. I intend returning in a few days. I remember telling you so. Cæsar carried off the treasures, which his opponent had neglected taking with him.

(Form in -ing used as a participle.) In forming of his sentences he was very exact. I heard them discussing of this subject. By observing of truth, you will command respect. The middle station of life seems to be the most advantageous for gaining of wisdom. Poverty turns our thoughts too much upon supplying of our wants, and riches upon enjoying of our superfluities.

ANNOTATIONS.—1. In employing the form in -ing attention to the sense is particularly requisite. When the noun connected with it represents an agent, the form in -ing is considered as a verbal noun and, as such, requires an article before it and the preposition of after it; as, "He confessed the truth in the hearing of the witnesses;" but when it represents the object of an action, it is used merely as a participle, and consequently the article and preposition must be omitted.; as, "The court spent an hour in hearing their deposition."

When the employment of the form in -ing would occasion an awkward or ambiguous construction, the expression must be varied; thus, "He mentions Newton's writing of a commentary," or, "He mentions Newton's writing a commentary," should be, "He mentions that Newton wrote a commentary."

3 The expression, "What do you think of my horse running today?" differs from "What do you think of my horse's running?" "My horse running," means "shall he or shall he not run;" "My horse's running" means, he has run, do you think he ran well ?"

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The word to which a participle refers is sometimes understood; as, Granting that to be true, what will be the consequence ?" that is ["I] granting that to be true, [ask] what will be the consequence ?" The incomplete participle is sometimes used absolutely; as, "Generally speaking the pupils are attentive."

RULE XXXVI.-Adverbs should be placed as near as possible to the words which they modify, in order to convey the exact meaning; thus, "I saw the moon distinctly rising;" should be, "I distinctly saw the moon rising."

EXERCISE XXXVI.

We must not expect to find study agreeable always. We always find them ready when we want them. The consequences of these operations of his troops were still of greater importance to the French king. In following the trail of his enemies through the forest, the American Indian exhibits a degree of sagacity, which almost appears miraculous. If you are blessed naturally with a good temper, continually exercise it. There is a general correctness of delineation which must strike the eye at once of any experienced person. These rules will clearly be understood, after they have diligently been studied. He attends to his duties always. It is impossible continually to be at work. Additional Examples to be corrected.-We know little individually of his hearers. He will have certainly finished his business before two o'clock. This tragedy is alike distinguished for the lofty imagination which it displays, and for the tumultuous vehemence of the action. A master-mind was equally required in the cabinet and in the field. Xenophon's sword was first drawn for a Persian prince, and last for a Spartan king.

ANNOTATIONS.1 Adverbs are generally placed before adjectives, participles, and adverbe, as, "He was very industrious;" "greatly admired;""very paudently.'

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2 After verbs that are single; as, "He spoke frequently," "but sometimes before them; as, "He greatly feared."

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"He can

3 After the object of a transitive verb; as, "He followed him quickly." However, it sometimes precedes the verb; as, didly told the truth."

"He was

Between the auxiliary and the verb or after both; as, graciously received," or "He was received graciously." When there are two auxiliaries, it is generally placed either between them or after both; as, "He might easily have won the prize;" "He should have carefully considered the nature of the question." For the sake of emphasis, it sometimes precedes the auxiliaries; as, Undoubtedly, you must have known the truth."

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5 In interrogative and exclamatory sentences, the adverbs are generally placed first; as, "How much?” “ How miserable is poverty!"

RULE XXXVII-The adverbs only and not must be closely connected with the words or clauses which they modify.

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Obs.-Only is generally placed after the noun or pronoun which it qualifies, and before the adjective, adverb, or verb; as, "Man only possesses the power of speech;" Only accidental;" "Only slightly;" "He can only read, he cannot write." When there is a negative, only precedes the noun or pronoun; as, "Not only the boy, but also the man." Not must be inserted in its proper clause; thus, "I do not think that he is wrong," should be, "I think that he is not wrong."

EXERCISE XXXVII.

It is only deficient in this respect. Such deep reasoning could only proceed from such a writer as Junius. The ceremony was only dispensed with on account of the degeneracy of the times. They decided not only upon the sentiments, but they criticised the language. I do not think that he will fail. Christ did not come to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance.

Exercise on the Notes. (1.) He described the occurrence in a distinct enough manner to be understood. He lost a large enough amount out of his private fortune. (2.) If matters were never so favourable, he would still be careless. They will not hear the voice of the charmer, charm he never so wisely. (3.) He seldom or ever went to any place of amusement. (4.) He learned almost nothing, because he did not apply his mind to his business. (5.) I would sooner forgive an injury than resent it.

The adverb enough is placed after the adjective which it modifies, and both the adjective and the adverb are placed after the noun; as, "A manuscript clear enough to be legible."

2 The adverb never must not be used instead of ever; thus, "Be he never so impatient, he must wait;" should be, "Be he ever so impatient," etc. The words never, always, sometimes, often, generally precede the verb; as, "I never expected it;" "He always wrote;" but they precede or follow an auxiliary; as, "They were never blamed" or, "They never were blamed."

3 The words seldom or ever, should be seldom or never, or seldom if ever; as, "He seldom or never made a mistake," or, "He seldom, if ever, made a mistake."

The phrase, scarcely anything, is preferable to almost nothing; thus, "He forgot almost nothing,” should be, “He forgot scarcely anything." The adverb sooner refers to time only, and it must not be used for rather; thus, "I would sooner have this than that," should be, "I would rather have this than that," or "I would have this rather than that."

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