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KENYA (As 0. savignyi: Karsch 1878. Ross 1912. Neave 1912. Todd 1913. Anderson 1924A,B. Garnham 1926,1947. Mackie 1927. *Kenya 1928. Lewis 1931A,C,1939A. Hynd 1945. Quin and Perkins 1946. Jepson 1947. Absence of Ornithodoros ticks: Garnham, Davies, Heisch, and Timms 1947. Heisch and Grainger 1950. Heisch 1950A,B,1954C,E. Walton 1950A,1953. Teesdale 1952. Bell 1953. Heisch and Furlong 1954. Geigy and Mooser 1955).

UGANDA (Christy 1903A,B,1904. Sambon 1903. Ross and Milne 1904. Hirst 1909,1917. Bruce et al 1911. 1913. Neumann 1922. Mettam 1932. Chorley 1940. Chorley 1943).

Pocock 1903. Johnston 1903.
Cook 1904. Ross 1906,1912.
Ross 1912. Neave 1912. Todd
Hargraves 1935. Hopkins and

TANGANYIKA (Neumann 1901. Sambon 1903. Christy 1904. Ross and Milne 1904. Dutton and Todd 1905A,B. Koch 1905,1906. Werner 1906. Mollers 1907. Todd 1913. Morstatt 1913,1914. Manson and Thornton 1919. (?Lester 1928). Loveridge 1928. Bequaert 1930A. Knuth 1938. Hawking 1941. Schulze 1941. Knowles and Terry 1950. Phipps 1950. Geigy 1951. Geigy and Burgdorfer 1951. Walton 1953. Davis and Burgdorfer 1954. Mooser and Weyer 1954. Smith 1955. Geigy and Mooser 1955. Babudieri 1955: see footnote under Belgian Congo).

SOUTHERN AFRICA: ANGOLA (Livingstone 1857, pp. 382–383. Murray 1877. As 0. savignyi: Neumann 1896. Neumann 1901. Pocock 1903. Calman 1905. Wellman 1905A,B,C,1906A,B,C,D,1907A,B. Dutton and Todd 1905A,B. Nuttall et al 1908. Gamble 1914. Rodhain 1919A. De Almeida and Rebelo 1928. Sousa Dias 1950. Santos Dias 1950. Theiler and Robinson 1954). MOZAMBIQUE (Livingstone 1857, pp. 383, 628,629. Dowson 1895. Pocock 1903. Johnston 1903. Howard 1908, 1911. Amaral Leal and Sant'Anna 1909. Absent from Alto Molocue: McFarlane 1916. Neumann 1922. Marques 1943,1944. Santos Dias 1952H,1953B,1954H,K).

1915.

NORTHERN RHODESIA (Neave 1911,1912. Wallace 1913. Lloyd 1913, Holmes 1953. Hoogstraal 1954C). SOUTHERN RHODESIA (Jack 1921,1928,1931, 1937, 1938,1942. Leeson 1952). NYASALAND (01d 1909. Neave 1912. De Meza 1918A. Lamborn 1924,1927,1939. Wilson 1943, 1950B. Hardman 1951).

BECHUANA LAND (Specimens from Ngamiland in Theiler collection). SOUTHWEST AFRICA (Neumann 1901. Trommsdorff 1914. Sigwart 1915. Mitscherlich 1941. Hoogstraal 1954C).

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA (Lounsbury 1900C, in part confused with 0. savignyi. Pocock 1903. Donitz 1906,1907A,C,1910B. Greenway 1907. Howard 1907,1908. Cowdry 19250,1926A,1927. Curson 1928. Bedford 1920, 1926, 1932B, 1934,1936. Cooley 1934. Bedford and Graf 1934,1939. Cluver 1939,1947. Ordman 1939,1941,1943,1944A, B,1955. De Meillon 1940. Mitscherlich 1941. Collen 1943. Polakow 1944. R. du Toit 1942B,C,1947A,B. Thorp, De Meillon and Hardy 1948. Monnig 1949 statements refer largely to O. savignyi. Annecke and Quin 1952. Annecke 1952. Davis and Burgdorfer 1954).

ISLAND GROUPS: MADAGASCAR (Lamoureux 1913A,B. Suldey 1916. Poisson 1927. Poisson and Decary 1930. Buck 1935,1948A,C,1949. Le Gall 1943. Millot 1948. Neel, Payet, and Gonnet 1949. Decary 1950. Colas Belcour, Neel, and Vervent 1952. Hoogstraal 1953E). Although 0. moubata has not been reported from the COMORES group, Neel, Payet, and Gonnet (1949) state that relapsing fever of the apparent type borne by 0. moubata exists at Dzaoudzi.

Records from Zanzibar (Brumpt 1901,1908A) probably should be disregarded. They may refer to "East Africa" in general. Accord ing to Dr. S. D. Robertson, Pathologist, Medical Department, in personal correspondence, 0. moubata does not occur in Zanzibar. It has been stated to be absent there (Aders 1913) and was not listed by Aders (1917B) in his report of insects injurious to man and stock in Zanzibar. Odd individuals of the tick may be im ported in dhows from Tanganyika but these do not appear to become established on the island (Leeson 1953).

NORTH AFRICA AND ARABIA: Records from Libya are difficult to accept. Franchini (1932A,B,1933A,B,C,D,1934B,1935A) listed Tripolitania as the source of specimens. He was probably dealing with 0. savignyi, but Garibaldi (1935) accepted these reports. Zavattari (1932,1933,1934) stated that 0. moubata is absent in Libya. Though Franchini (loc. cit.) and Gaspare (1933,1934) asserted differently, their remarks are so confused as to negate their argument unless fresh specimens can be procured. One of NAMRU 3's well trained assistants has been unable to find 0. moubata in the Libyan localities from which it was reported.

Records from Egypt (Neumann 1896,1901,1911), without question erroneous, are probably based on mistaken identity of 0. savignyi, or possibly on mixed locality labels (Hoogstraal 195447. Halawaní (1946) stated that although 0. moubata was supposed to be common in Egypt, he could not find specimens in houses. Yakoub (1945) also noted its absence here.

According to Petrie (1939), the eyeless tampan is widespread in the Yemen (Arabia) (copied by American Geographical Society 1954,1955). From experience in the Yemen (Hoogstraal 1952C and ms., Girolami 1952, Mount 1953) it is questionable whether it is present there at all, to say nothing of being widely distributed.7

HOSTS

Introduction

Man is frequently attacked and is probably the chief host of 0. moubata. Warthogs and a few other wild animals that inhabit Targe burrows, and domestic pigs appear to be the only other fairly common hosts of this tick. Incidentally, it should be noted that frequent textbook assertions that larvae feed are incorrect (see Life Cycle below).

Most laboratory animals including chickens serve as experimental hosts. Different "strains may have different laboratory feeding habits, "burrow_haunting populations being more difficult to induce to feed in the laboratory than those from domestic habitations (Heisch 1954C).

Human Hosts

The major portion of the literature concerning the eyeless tampan refers to its parasitism of human beings. Indication of this may be found in the section on Ecology below; specialized features of this problem will be considered in the forthcoming volume on tick-borne diseases.

Domestic Mammal Hosts

From the prevalence of records of attacks on domestic pigs in South Africa (Bedford 1936), Nyasaland (Wilson 1943,1950B),

Belgian Congo (Roubaud 1916, Roubaud and Van Saceghem 1916, Schwetz 1927A), Southern Rhodesia (Jack 1921,1931,1942), and Angola (Wellman 1906D,1907A,B), it appears that this animal often is an important host. In Southern Rhodesia, 0. moubata sometimes increases prodi_ giously in pigsties (Jack 1921,1931,1942). In the Zambi area of Belgian Congo, O. moubata was abundant in pigsties and in huts of pig keepers, but relapsing fever was absent, and the tick was un known in local huts where no pigs were kept (Roubaud and Van Saceghem 1916). In Angola, Wellman (1906D,1907A) found as many in pigsties as in any other situation". In Nyasaland, Wilson (1943) stated, 0. moubata is suspected of causing mortality in pigs. Jadin (1951A) found specimens from pigsties in Ruanda Urundi infected with the causative organisms of food poisoning, Salmonella enteritidis; these ticks were able to transmit the bacteria to experimental animals, by biting, over a year later.

0. moubata has been said to cause much trouble in Southwest Africa by feeding on sheep in resting places and pastures (Mönnig 1949), but Theiler states (correspondence) that the ticks actually involved in this situation are quite likely O. savignyi.

Domestic animal corrals are frequently cited in review papers as important habitats of the eyeless tampan. I can find little con clusive substantiation for this assertion, except for domestic pigs. Wellman (1906D,1907A) was possibly the first person from the field to state that 0. moubata bites all domestic animals, but he did not mention that he had made personal observations. Careful search of corrals and comparison of incidence in these and in human habita tions should make an interesting and simple research project in infested areas. One would expect that if domestic animals are attacked, it is chiefly in circunstances in which they are housed more or less like human beings in the same area.

(See also Ecology below).

Domestic Fowl Hosts

Domestic fowls in human habitations usually are considered to be important in maintaining the nymphal stage, but there is some controversy on this point (Knowles and Terry 1950, Phipps 1950). Rodhain (1919A) found avian blood in specimens from a vacant house in the Congo inhabited by chickens. Geigy and Mooser (1955) failed

to find evidence of spirochetes in domestic fowls from tampan in fested dwellings in Tanganyika, a suggestion that these ticks do not feed on fowls or do not transmit these organisms to fowls, or else that Borrelia duttonii does not survive in fowls in nature.

Along with A. persicus, Mitscherlich (1941) discussed the ravages of 0. moubata in chicken houses in the Union of South Africa and in Southwest Africa (= Deutsch Südwest Afrika). It is not, however, clearly stated that this writer actually saw eyeless tampans in these situations. His remarks give the im pression of being based on the assumption that O. moubata is an important parasite of domestic chickens.

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(See also Ecology below).

Wild Mammal Hosts

See also Wild" Habitats under Ecology below.

A wild relative of the domestic pig, the warthog, Phaco hoerus aethiopicus subspp., is a normal host of 0. moubata under conditions not influenced by man. An African boy in Northern Rhodesia has been observed emerging from a warthog burrow with about thirty nymphs biting him (Lloyd 1915). During a survey of the plains south of Lake Edward in the Belgian Congo, Schwetz (1933A) dis covered that 0. moubata was abundant in warthog burrows but rare in native huts. Chorley (1943) found over forty specimens crawling on a warthog shot in Uganda. He stated (personal conversation) that all these specimens were nymphs. Heisch and Grainger (1950) found numerous specimens in widely scattered warthog burrows in Kenya and presented a theory on the relationship of wild and do mestic populations, discussed below in the section on "Wild" Habitats, under Ecology. A single specimen from a Northern Rhodesian warthog and a large lot of nymphs from a Nyasaland warthog burrow have been reported from material in the Nuttall collection (Hoogstraal 1954C). Warthogs are also hosts in the Sudan, as noted above and reported earlier (Hoogstraal 1954B). These mammals also have been noted as hosts in Mozambique (Santos Dias 1952H, 1953B).

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