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UGANDA (A. Theiler 1910A. Bruce et al 1911. Neave 1912. Neumann 1922. Robinson 1926. Richardson 1930. Mettam 1932,1933. Carmichael 1934. Mettam and Carmichael 1936. Wilson 1948A,B,C, 1950C,1953. Clifford 1954. Hoogstraal 1954C. Taylor 1954). TANGANYIKA (Gerstäcker 1873. Neumann 1911. Neave 1912. Morstatt 1913. Jarvis 1918. Robinson 1926. Moreau 1933. Cornell 1936. Reichenow 1941B. Beakbane and Wilde 1949. Wilson 1953. Smith 1955).

SOUTHERN AFRICA: ANGOLA (Neumann 1899,1911. Santos Dias 1950B. Sousa Dias 1950). MOZAMBIQUE (Karsch 1878. Howard 1908. Neumann 1911. Robinson 1926. Theiler 1943B. Santos Dias 1947A,1949, 1950B,1954H,1955A. Bacelar 1950. Bacelar 1950. Wilson 1953).

NORTHERN RHODESIA (Neave 1912. Robinson 1926. Morris 1933, 1935,1937,1938,1939,1940. LeRoux 1934,1937,1947. Matthysse 1954. Theiler and Robinson 1954). SOUTHERN RHODESIA (Koch 1903. Sin clair 1916. Jarvis 1918. Jack 1921,1928,1937,1942). NYASALAND (0ld 1909. Neave 1912. Neave 1912. De Meza 1918A,B. Robinson 1926. Wilson 1943,1946,1950B).

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA: Absent (Alexander 1931). "Rarely present" (Theiler 1943B). Dr. Theiler (1950 correspondence) states that A. variegatum is actually absent from the Union and from SOUTH WEST AFRICA. See REMARKS below. Early literature records for this species in the Union of South Africa are: Howard 1908, GalliValerio 1909, Moore 1912, Bedford 1920, Curson 1928, Cooley 1934, Bedford and Graf 1939.7

OUTLYING ISLANDS: ZANZIBAR (Neumann 1899,1911. Neave 1912. Aders 1917). MAURITIUS (Neumann 1899,1911. De Charmoy 1914,1915. Robinson 1926. Moutia and Mamet 1947). MADAGASCAR (Neumann 1899, 1911. Joyeux 1915. Robinson 1926. Bück 1935,1948A,C,1949. Bück and Metzger 1949. Millot 1948. Zumpt 1950B. Courdurier, Bück and Quesnel 1952. Hoogstraal 1953E). REUNION (Neumann 1899. Millot 1948. Gillard 1949). COMORES GROUP (Millot 1948).

ARABIA: YEMEN (Franchini 1930. Girolami 1952. Mount 1953. Sanborn and Hoogstraal 1953. Hoogstraal ms.). SOUTHERN ARABIA" (Hoogstraal 1954C).

IMPORTED SPECIMENS: Records in the literature for EGYPT (Guerin Meneville 18291843), one of the type localities of synon ymous Ixodes elegans) should be discounted. Although A. variega tum frequently arrives at the Cairo abattoir on cattle from the Sudan and from other areas of East Africa, the species has never become established here (Hoogstraal 1952A). Extremely few fe males are found by the time cattle reach Cairo.

A. variegatum has become established and is a serious problem in the WEST INDIES (St. Kitts, Guadeloupe, Antigua). As early as 1895, Barber wrote an account, both pleasant and critical, of the ravages of "the gold tick", A. variegatum (= Hyalomma venustum) in Antigua. See also: Neumann (1899,1911), Ticks in the West Indies (1914), Ford (1919), Saunders (1914A,B,1915,1919), Senevet (1938), and Mauze and Montigny (1954). It appears that A. varie gatum has been found in GUATEMALA (Neumann 1899,1911), but there have been no subsequent reports of its presence there. There has been some question about West Indies records among American work ers who have not visited these islands. Numerous specimens from West Indies may be seen in British Museum (Natural History) col lections.

Three males are stated to have been found on a dog in south western FRANCE (Lamontellerie 1954).

MISCELLANEOUS: The distributional map of Tendeiro (1947) which includes Egypt and Sinai and omits the Sudan and parts of Ethiopia, Eritrea, and the Somalilands, should be modified.

TUNIS has been listed as a collecting locality based on spec imens labelled from a hedgehog on Djerba Island collected by A. Weiss (Galli Valerio 1911A). Colas-Belcour and Rageau (1951), (Galli_Valerio with ample reason, consider this record doubtful. on misidentification of an immature Hyalomma sp.

It may be based

HOSTS

Where it occurs, A. variegatum is often the most common tick on cattle. Its incidence on other domestic animals varies locally but is usually less than on cattle. Among wild animals, the buffalo and numerous kinds of antelopes are important hosts. Other

wild animals are either rather seldom infested by adults or those
that more frequently harbor them, such as the rhinoceros, general
ly are not numerous in nature. Carnivores are only exceptionally
attacked. Man is rarely utilized as a host by adults, though
nymphs attach more frequently and larvae are sometimes serious
pests. Our knowledge of the host preference of immature stages
is fragmentary. Nymphs feed on moderate size to large animals
including all domestic animals and larvae attack mostly birds
and small mammals from the size of hares to goats.

Adult Hosts

Domestic animals: Cattle Cattle (Practically every reference in the DISTRIBUTION section above pertains to parasitism of cattle by A. variegatum and these need not be repeated here. Selected references to parasitism of other domestic animals are presented below inasmuch as many phases of these relationships are much less obs cure than those with cattle). Camels (Robinson 1926*. Hoogstraal, ms.). Sheep (Robinson 1926, Schwetz 1927, Daubney 1930A, Daubney and Hudson 1931A,B,1934, Lewis 19310,1932B,1934, Tendeiro 1948, Rousselot 1951, Sudan records above). Goats (Robinson 1926, Schwetz 1927, Lewis 1934, Beaton 1939**, Tendeiro 1948, Sudan records above). Horses (Simpson 1911, Robinson 1926, Schwetz 1927B,

*Hosts listed by Robinson (1926) are based chiefly on the extensive data in the Nuttall collection now in British Museum (Natural History), where it is available to those who would make a further study of hostrelationships.

**Though pinpoint blemishes in the tanned skins of goats are attributed by the (Nigerian) trader to the bites of ticks, this animal has been found to remain uncommonly free of ticks, particularly in the dry season. In the rains, when all domestic animals become grossly infested if not hand dressed, the goat is usually only parasitized by ....... A. variegatum and then to any extent only in the hollow of the heels, the clefts of the hoof, and in the perineum. These exceedingly tenacious parasites set up a local inflammation with pus formation due to infection of the wound by organisms of necrosis, particularly in the feet. Severe lameness may be caused, and virus diseases, e.g., heartwater may be trans mitted. (Beaton 1939).

Bück 1935,1948A,C, Gillard 1949, Rageau 1951, Rousselot 1951, Sudan records above). Donkeys (Robinson 1926, Tendeiro 1948, Rousselot 1951, Sudan records above). Dogs (Simpson 1912B, Robinson 1926, Tendeiro 1948, Sudan records above. BMNH collections contain four adults from a dog from Senegal). Cat (Robinson 1926). Pigs (Schwetz 1927A, Lloverol, Philippe and Adjovi 1942, Rousselot 1951, Sudan records above).

Man: In Madagascar and French West Africa (Joyeux 1915).

Antelopes: Reedbuck (Robinson 1926*, Weber 1948, Wilson 1950B, Santos Dias 1953B). Bushbuck (Robinson 1926). South African bush buck (Santos Dias 1953B). Steinbuck (Lewis 1932A). Waterbucks, various (Robinson 1926, Tendeiro 1952C, Santos Dias 1953B). Roan antelope, various (King 1926, Lewis 1934, Sudan records above). Sable antelope (Robinson 1926, Wilson 1950B, Santos Dias 1953B). Hartebeest, various (Simpson 1914, Robinson 1926, Lewis 1934, Sudan records above). Kongoni (Robinson 1926). Tiang (Sudan records above). Eland, various (Robinson 1926, Bequaert 1930B,1931, Lewis 1934, Weber 1948, Wilson 1950C, Sudan records above). Nyala (Santos Dias 1953B). Duiker (Loveridge 1936A, Wilson 1950B, Sudan records above). Grant's gazelle (Lewis 1934). Bright's gazelle, Smith's long-snouted dikdik, and Roosevelt's duikerbok (Sudan records above). Oribi, various (Wilson 1950B, Santos Dias 1953B, Matthysse 1954, Sudan records above).

Other mammals: Giraffe (common on many Bahr El Ghazal giraffes examined, records above). Zebra (Neumann 1911, Robinson 1926*, Lewis 1932A,1934, Weber 1948, Matthysse 1954). Black, or narrow-lipped rhinoceros (Karsch 1878, Neumann 1911, Robinson 1926, Lewis 1932A, Wilson 1951C). White, or square-lipped rhino_ ceros (Tonelli-Rondelli 1930A). Elephant (Robinson 1926). Buffalo (King 1926, Robinson 1926, Richardson 1930, Bequaert 1930B, 1931, Fiasson 1943B, Wilson 1950C, Rageau 1951, Santos Dias 1953B, Sudan records above). Warthog (Massey 1908, Robinson 1926, Santos Dias 1953B, Sudan records above). Bushpig (Tonelli Rondelli 1930A, Matthysse 1954, Sudan records above). Ant bear (Lewis 1932A). Leopard (captive) and hares (Tendeiro 1947,1952C). Cheetah (Lewis 1934). Lion (Theiler, unpublished).

*Hosts listed by Robinson (1926) are based chiefly on the extensive data in the Nuttall collection now in British Museum (Natural History), where it is available to those who would make a further study of host-relationships.

Birds: Spurwing geese (tick identification questionable: Bedford 1932B). Gray hornbill (Lophoceros n. nasutus) and ground hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus), domestic and wild chickens, spurfowl, guineafowl (Tendeiro 1947,1948,1952C).

Snake: Bitis arietans (Neumann 1911).

Snail: A curious case, said to be parasitism by A. variegatum on a snail, Limicolaria adansoni Pfr., in Senegal, has been reported by Neumann (1911) and by Andre and Lamy (1931). This record bears further investigation.

Nymphal Hosts

Nymphs feed on a great variety of mammals of medium and large size, including occasionally man. Birds are frequently parasitized but reptiles are rarely attacked.

Man: In French West Africa, nymphs do not attack man so frequently as do larvae (Joyeux 1915). In the Sudan a single nymph was taken feeding on man in Equatoria and several in Bahr El Ghazal Province.

Domestic animals: Nymphs are common on domestic stock in Kenya (Lewis 1934). Survey of our Equatoria and Bahr El Ghazal Province records above shows a small number of nymphs on cattle and often many on goats, especially during the dry season. Few were found on other domestic animals, pigs, horses, dogs, and sheep. Sudan Government collections contain nymphs from cattle, sheep, goats, dogs, pigs, donkeys, and horses. Tendeiro (1948) listed cattle and goats as nymphal hosts. Among a collection from Madagascar, Zumpt (1950B) found nymphs from cattle and dogs. Theiler (correspondence) has specimens from elsewhere in Africa

from the same animals as well as from camels and domestic cats. Poultry has been listed as a nymphal host by Wilson (1950B), Tendeiro (1948), Hoogstraal (1953E), and we found this stage on chickens and turkeys in the Sudan (records above). Daubney and Hudson (1931A,B,1934) referred to the comparative rarity of im mature stages on sheep in Kenya. Fiasson (1943B) noted immature specimens on sheep at Libreville.

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