In the Sudan, R. appendiculatus is known only from Kajo Kaji and Yei on the west bank of Equatoria Province and from Katire (3500 feet elevation) and Ngangala (+1700 feet elevation) on the east bank of Equatoria Province (Hoogstraal 1954B).

The engorged nymph removed at Torit from the leg of one of our party who had just come almost three hundred miles from Kajo Kaji is a good example of how an important tick species may easily be spread far from its present range by modern, fast, transporta tion.

There appears to be little reason why R. appendiculatus should not be able to maintain itself east of the Nile in certain scattered areas of Torit District, though as yet it has been found only at Katire, which is cooler and more forested than are the plains. To the east and north of Torit District, conditions are most likely too arid for the brown tick. Most of the west bank of Equatoria Province is probably suitable for this tick.

The first Sudanese specimens of R. appendiculatus were collected by Mr. H. Luxmoore at Kajo Kaji and Yei in 1950 in connection with the first definitely known outbreak of East Coast fever in the Su dan* (Evans 1952). Mr. Luxmoore sent these specimens to the writer for determination, and their identity was later corroborated by Dr. G. Theiler. A restriction was then placed on the movement of cattle from Uganda into Kajo Kaji and out of Kajo Kaji and Yei District.

*If East Coast fever, of which R. appendiculatus is the chief vector, had been a significant problem in the Sudan earlier, it seems most likely that the hard-working Sudan Veterinary Service would have recognized it.

Without presenting data, Schwetz (1934) accused the AngloEgyptian Sudan as being the source of an epizootic of East Coast fever in Stanleyville, Belgian Congo.

In Egypt (Mason 1920), 32 cases of this disease were diagnosed in Sudan cattle at the Cairo abattoir in 1917. Mason (1922) further reported that East Coast fever had been demonstrated in Sudan cattle arriving at Egyptian quarantine as early as 1913. So far as it has been able to determine, the bulk of Egyptian cattle imports from the Sudan has always been from Kordofan and Darfur Provinces. The occurrence of this tick and of this disease in these two Provinces would be surprising indeed. It seems unlikely that (1) the disease is unrecognized in Kordofan and Darfur, (2) the brown ear-tick occurs in these commercially important cattle raising areas of the Sudan, and (3) a secondary vector plays an important rôle in Provinces from which cattle are exported.

Possibly, early Egyptian veterinarians lumped animals imported from Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanganyika under the designation "Sudanese", as is still the practice. In the course of surveying the ticks arriving in Egypt on "Sudanese cattle", numerous specimens of Amblyomma gemma have been obtained. This species is not represented in avail able Sudan collections. Investigation has revealed the present practice of referring to all cattle imported into Egypt from Africa as Sudanese". In connection with Brumpt's (1920) reference to East Coast fever in Egypt and the possibility of its transmission by R. simus and R. bursa, see DISTRIBUTION of R. s. simus (page

During the 1951-52 visit for the present study in the Sudan, R. appendiculatus was found to be still extremely numerous on almost all cattle in the Kajo Kaji area, and surprisingly common on the Yei dairy herd in spite of a gammexane spray program in effect there. In December of 1952, we also collected many specimens on cattle at Yei. A careful watch for this tick in southern Sudan is indicated, especially since a program for restocking areas from which cattle have earlier been eradicated by the tsetse fly has recently been undertaken. It is conceivable that this tick, if unchecked, could spread to the point where the value of the entire program on the west bank of Equatoria Province might be severely jeopardized.

DISTRIBUTION

The brown ear_tick reaches its northern limit in southern Sudan and somewhere in Ethiopia. From this level it extends to South Africa, where, south of about Pretoria, it occurs only on the coastal strip. Within this range, it is absent in deserts and in areas without shrub cover. It is common in the Congo but most probably absent or almost entirely absent in West Africa.

The range of R. appendiculatus has been mapped by the American Geographical Society (1954; see also ERRATUM sheet).

WEST AFRICA: NIGERIA: Simpson (1912A). Mettam's (1940) remark apparently refers to Simpson's report. GOLD COAST: Stewart's (1933) statement that this tick is common here requires substantiation.7

CENTRAL AFRICA: CAMEROONS: Neumann (1911). Rageau (1951, 1953A,B) did not find this species in the Cameroons and it is possible that Neumann's record is in error. FRENCH EQUATORIAL AFRICA: Fiasson (1943B). Rousselot (1951) noted a single collection from Oubangui Chari but did not again report this record (1953B).7

BELGIAN CONGO and RUANDA URUNDI (As R. nitens: Newstead, Dutton, and Todd 1907. Nuttall and Warburton 1916. Marcq 1924. Seydel 1925. Schwetz 1927A,B,C,1932,1933A,1934. Schwetz and

Collart 1929. Bequaert 1930A,1931. Bouvier 1945.
Bouvier 1945.

Schoenaers 1951A,B. Rousselot 1951,1953B. Theiler and Robinson 1954. Santos Dias 1954. Van Vaerenbergh 1954).

EAST AFRICA:

SUDAN (Evans 1952. Hoogstraal 1954B).

ERITREA

ETHIOPIA (Stella 1938A,1939A,B,1940. Roetti 1939). (Carpano 1912, Stella 19398,1940. Sforza 1937. Ferro-Luzzi 1948). BRITISH SOMALILAND (Neumann 1922. Stella 1938A,1939A,1940). ITALIAN SOMALILAND: Paoli (1916). Franchini (1927,1929,E). Niro (1935). Stella (1938A,1939A,B,1940). Pellegrini (1950) says R. appendiculatus is absent on sheep with Nairobi sheep disease, and Tonelli Rondelli does not list it in any of her papers. FRENCH SOMALILAND: Probably absent; HH observation.7

KENYA (Neumann 1912. Neave 1912. A. Theiler 1912B. Montgomery 1913,1917A,B,1919. Stordy 1914. Neumann 1922. Anderson 1924A,B. Harrison 1928. Walker 1928,1931,1932. Cowdry and Ham 1930,1932. Lewis 1931A,B,C,1932A,B,1934,1939A,B,1943,1946,1950, 1952. Brassey-Edwards 1932,1933. Cowdry and Danks 1933. Daubney 1933,1934,1936A,B,1937,1939. Daubney and Hudson 1931A,B,1933, 1934. Fotheringham and Lewis 1937. 1938. Lewis and Fotheringham 1941. Dick and Lewis 1947. Beaumont 1949. 1952. Worsley 1950. van Someren 1951. Wilson 1953. 195).

Reichenow 1937,1940. Mulligan
Lewis, Piercy and Wiley 1946.
White 1949. Binns 1950,1951,
Wiley 1953,

UGANDA (A. Theiler 1910A,1911A,1912B. Bruce et al 1911. Neave 1912. Warburton 1913. Hutchins 1917,1924. Neumann 1922. Richard son 1926,1930. Mettam 1932,1933. Mettam and Carmichael 1936. Laws 1948. Wilson 1948A,B,C,1949,1950A,C,D,E,1951A,B,1953. Taylor 1954. Taylor and McAnulty 1951. Wiley 1953. Clifford 1954. Lucas 1954).

TANGANYIKA (A. Theiler 1910A. Neumann 19070,1910B,1911.

Donitz 1905, probably with excellent reason, stated that the R. sanguineus of Koch 1903 is a mistake in identity of R. appendiculatus. A. Theiler 1912B. Morstatt 1913. Loveridge 1928. Bequaert 1930A. Allen and Loveridge 1933. Moreau 1933. Cornell 1936. Reichenow 1937,1940,1941A,B. Zumpt 1942B. Lowe 1944. Beakbane and Wilde 1949. Wilson 1953).

SOUTHERN AFRICA: ANGOLA (Manetti 1920. Sousa Dias 1950. Santos Dias 1950B). MOZAMBIQUE (Howard 1908,1911. Bedford 1932B. Theiler 1943B. Santos Dias 1950B,1951B,1952D,H,1953B. 1953).

Wilson

NORTHERN RHODESIA (Neave 1912. Le Roux 1934,1937,1947. Matthysse 1954. Theiler and Robinson 1954). SOUTHERN RHODESIA (Robertson 1904B. Bevan 1910,1915,1920,1927. Edmonds and Bevan 1914. Sinclair 1916,1920. Jack 1921,1928,1936,1942. Lawrence 1935,1937,1938A,1942). NYASALAND (01d 1909. NYASALAND (0ld 1909. Garden 1912. Neave 1912. De Meza 1918A. Lamborn 1929. Wilson 1943,1944,1945,1946, 1950B. Beakbane and Wilde 1949. Binns 1951).

SOUTHWEST AFRICA (Neumann 1901. Tromsdorff 1914). BECHUANA LAND (Eastern part; Theiler, unpublished).

Bed

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA (Neumann 1901,1911. A. Theiler 1903, 1905B,1906,1909A,B,C,1910A,19118,19128,1921. As R. nitens: Neumann 1904. A. Theiler and Stockman 1904. Lounsbury 1904A, B,C,1905A. Howard 1908. A. Theiler and Christy 1910. Dönitz 1910B. Moore 1912. Nuttall 1914A. Van Saceghem 1914. Dixon 1914. Borthwick 1918. Bedford 1920,1929B. Cowdry 1925B,C, 1926A,1927. A. Theiler and du Toit 1926,1928. Sergent, Donatien, Parrot, Lestoquard, and Plantureux 1927B. P. J. du Toit 1928, 1931,1947. Curson 1928. P. J. du Toit and Viljoen 1929. ford 19328,1934. Alexander and Neitz 1933,1935. Bedford and Graf 1934,1935,1939. Cooley 1934. Pijper 1934. Pijper and Dau 1934. M.D. 1936. J. H. S. Gear and Bevan 1936. Nieschulz and du Toit 1937. Pijper and Crocker 1938. Neitz and du Toit 1938. J. H. S. Gear 1938. Neitz 1939,1948,1950,1953. Neitz, Alexander, and Mason 1941. R. du Toit, Graf, and Bekker 1941. R. du Toit 1942B,C,1947. Thorburn 1947. Bekker, Graf, Malan and Van der Merwe 1949. Graf and Bekker 1949. Whitnall and Bradford 1949. Theiler 1949B,C,1952A,B. Jansen 1952. Meeser 1953. J. Gear 1954).

Note: The South African "aberrant strain" which was con sidered possibly an arid adapted strain (Theiler 1949B, p. 283) is actually R. pravus according to Theiler and Robinson (1953). The range of this tick in South Africa, as mapped by the American Geographical Society (1954), was modified on their Erratum Sheet.

OUTLYING ISLANDS:

ZANZIBAR (Neave 1912. Aders 1917).