Rubberlike Elasticity: A Molecular PrimerElastomers and rubberlike materials form a critical component in diverse applications that range from tyres to biomimetics and are used in chemical, biomedical, mechanical and electrical engineering. This updated and expanded edition provides an elementary introduction to the physical and molecular concepts governing elastic behaviour, with a particular focus on elastomers. The coverage of fundamental principles has been greatly extended and fully revised, with analogies to more familiar systems such as gases, producing an engaging approach to these phenomena. Dedicated chapters on novel uses of elastomers, covering bioelastomers, filled elastomers and liquid crystalline elastomers, illustrate the established and emerging applications at the forefront of physical science. With a list of experiments and demonstrations, problem sets and solutions, this is a self-contained introduction to the topic for graduate students, researchers and industrialists working in the applied fields of physics and chemistry, polymer science and engineering. |
From inside the book
Results 1-5 of 55
Page 5
... values of the bond lengths, bond angles, rotational angles about skeletal bonds, and preferences among the corresponding rotational states. (Reprinted with permission from J. E. Mark et al., Eds., Physical Properties of Polymers ...
... values of the bond lengths, bond angles, rotational angles about skeletal bonds, and preferences among the corresponding rotational states. (Reprinted with permission from J. E. Mark et al., Eds., Physical Properties of Polymers ...
Page 7
... values of the distance d of separation between the metal atoms. The ... value that it had in the undeformed state. Increase in temperature increases the chaotic molecular motions of the chains, which increases the tendency toward the ...
... values of the distance d of separation between the metal atoms. The ... value that it had in the undeformed state. Increase in temperature increases the chaotic molecular motions of the chains, which increases the tendency toward the ...
Page 12
... have confirmed that chains in the bulk, amorphous, undeformed state are indeed random (Flory, 1984). They in fact have mean-square dimensions the same as the unperturbed values 〈r2〉0 theyhave ina system,. 12 1 Introduction.
... have confirmed that chains in the bulk, amorphous, undeformed state are indeed random (Flory, 1984). They in fact have mean-square dimensions the same as the unperturbed values 〈r2〉0 theyhave ina system,. 12 1 Introduction.
Page 13
... values 〈r2〉0 theyhave ina system, where excluded- volume effects are nullified (Flory, 1953). Finally, the partition function for the system has been found to be separable (to factor) into an intramolecular part and a compositional ...
... values 〈r2〉0 theyhave ina system, where excluded- volume effects are nullified (Flory, 1953). Finally, the partition function for the system has been found to be separable (to factor) into an intramolecular part and a compositional ...
Page 14
... values of the strain by measuring the distance between two lines marked on the central portion of the test sample. The apparatus is quite different for doing compression measurements, as can be seen from the sketch in Figure 1.7. The ...
... values of the strain by measuring the distance between two lines marked on the central portion of the test sample. The apparatus is quite different for doing compression measurements, as can be seen from the sketch in Figure 1.7. The ...
Contents
Section 16 | 111 |
Section 17 | 117 |
Section 18 | 126 |
Section 19 | 131 |
Section 20 | 149 |
Section 21 | 156 |
Section 22 | 159 |
Section 23 | 165 |
Section 9 | 55 |
Section 10 | 57 |
Section 11 | 61 |
Section 12 | 71 |
Section 13 | 79 |
Section 14 | 93 |
Section 15 | 96 |
Section 24 | 167 |
Section 25 | 169 |
Section 26 | 175 |
Section 27 | 179 |
Section 28 | 191 |
Section 29 | 211 |
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Common terms and phrases
additional affine American Chemical Society bimodal bonds carried changes Chapter chemical constant constraints corresponding cross links crystalline curve decrease deformation dependence described diluent direction discussed distribution effects elastic elastin elastomeric elastomers elongation end-linking energy equation Erman and Mark et al example experimental experiments extension fact Figure filler Flory force free energy function give given groups illustrated important increase indicate interest interpretation involved isotherms length limited materials measurements mechanical melting modulus molecular weight molecules natural network chains observed obtained occur orientation particles PDMS phantom network phase polymer possible prepared present properties ratio reaction reinforcement relatively represent rubber rubberlike sample segments short shown shown in Figure side solvent specific strain stress stress–strain stretching structure studies swelling Table techniques temperature theory thermoelastic transition Treloar typical ultimate units unusual upturns values volume
Popular passages
Page 25 - Increase in temperature increases the chaotic molecular motions of the chains and thus increases the tendency toward the more random state. As a result there is a decrease in length at constant force, or an increase in force at constant length. This is strikingly similar to the behavior of a compressed gas, in which the extent of deformation is given by the reciprocal volume 1/V. The pressure of the gas is largely entropically derived, with increase in deformation (increase in 1/V) also corresponding...
Page 113 - Segments close together in space were linked irrespective of their locations along the chain trajectories, thus resulting in a highly random network structure in which the number and locations of the cross-links were essentially unknown. New synthetic techniques are now available, however, for the preparation of "model" polymer networks of known structure.42'48 An example is the reaction shown in Fig.
Page 22 - The first requirement arises from the fact that the molecules in a rubber or elastomeric material must be able to alter their arrangements and extensions in space dramatically in response to an imposed stress, and only a long-chain molecule has the required very large number of spatial arrangements of very different extensions. This versatility is illustrated in Fig.
Page 143 - ... of simulating chain ordering in copolymers composed of two comonomers, at least one of which is crystallizable. Typically, the chains are placed in parallel, two-dimensional arrangements. Neighboring chains are then searched for like-sequence matches that could lead to the formation of crystallites, in order to estimate extents of crystallinity. Chains stacked in arbitrary registrations are taken to model quenched samples. Annealed samples, on the other hand, are modeled by sliding the chains...
Page 24 - The molecular origin of the elastic force / exhibited by a deformed elastomeric network can be elucidated through thermoelastic experiments, which involve the temperature dependence of either the force at constant length L or the length at constant force [1, 3].