224. Synopsis of the Second Person Singular with THOU. INDICATIVE MOOD. Pres Thou art. 1 Fut. Thou shalt or wilt 2 Fut Thou wilt have been. POTENTIAL MOOD. Pres. Thou mayst, canst, or must be. Imp. Thou mig tst, couldst, wouldst, or sho. dst be. Perf. Thou mayst, canst, or must have been. Plup. Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, or shouldst have been. XIV. QUESTIONS ON THE FOREGOING CONJUGATION. Q. Why is am a verb 1 (158.) What is it sometimes called? (222.) Why 18 it so called? (222.) Will you give the synopsis of the verb to be with I through the indica tive mood? Q. Will you conjugate am in the present indicative? Imperfect? Perfect? Pluperfect? 1 Future? 2 Future? Present potential? Imperfect? Perfect Pluperfect? Q. In what mood, tense, number and person is "I am"? "Am I?" "You were"? "I have been"? "Have you been?" "He may or can be"? "We should be"? "He may have been"? "They should have been" ? "Thou shouldst have been" ? "Thou mayst be"? Q. Will you repeat the synopsis with thou? EXERCISES IN PARSING. "The girls were industrious.” 225. Were is a VERB; it implies action or being-NEDTER; it is neither active nor passive, expressing simply be ing--INDICATIVE MOOD; it simply indicates or declares a thing- -IMPERFECT TENSE; it expresses past time—“ 1. 1 was; 2. You were; 3. He was. Piur. 1. We were; 2. You were; 3. They were, or girls were"-made in the THIRD PERSON PLURAL, because its nominative girls is, with which it agrees, agreeably to RULE VII. A verb must agree with its nominative case in number and person. Industriors is an ADJECTIVE, a word joined with a noun to describe it—" industrious, more industrious, most industri ous"-in the POSITIVE DEGREE; it describes, without any omparison-and belongs to the noun girls, according to RULE IV. Adjectives belong to the nouns which they decribe. For the and girls, apply RULES III. and VI. EXERCISES IN PARSING CONTINTED. "William is attentive." "Am I young?" "Was I wrong?" "Have we been wicked ?" Were they penitent ?" "Mary has been intelligent." "The boys will have been dutiful." "Their estate was small." "Washington was patriotic." "Columbus was enterprising." "My wife's mother is sick." XV. OF THE ADVERB. Q. When I say, "The bird flies swiftly," I do not mean by swiftly to de cribe bird: what does swiftly describe? 226. The manner of flying. Q. To what part of speech is swiftly joined in the phrase, "The bird flies swiftly"? 227. To the verb flies. Q. What does the word adverb signify? 228. Joined to a verb. Q. What, then, shall we call all such words as swiftly? 229. ADVERBS. Q."John runs very swiftly." Which word here describes or show swiftly John runs ? 230. Very. Q. What is the word very called, and all such words as qualify #cribe adverbs? 231. Adverbs. Q. "Industrious, more mdustrious, most industrious." What are more and most called here, and why? 232. Adverbs, because they describe or qualify adjectives. Q. From the foregoing particulars, what appears to be a proper definition of adverbs? 233. Adverbs are words joined to verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs, to qualify or describe them. Q. "John visits me often, but Thomas oftener." In this example, we see that adverbs may be compared: will you, therefore, compare soon? Soon, sooner, soonest." 234. 66 Q. Will you compare wisely? 235. "Wisely, more wisely, most wisely." Q. How do adverbs ending in ly appear to be compared ? 236. By the adverbs more and most. Q. Will you in this manner compare admirably? foolishly? Q. Many adverbs are compared like adjectives of one syllable, as soon above; but there is a very considerable number, the comparison of which is not regulated by any general rule. The following list embraces adverbs variously compared will you repeat the comparative and superlative of each, as I name the positive? 237. Positive. Comparative. Superlative. Often, oftener, oftenest. 111 238. Note-Adverbs, though very numerous, may nevertheless be reduced to a few ⚫ asses. You will now read with attention the following list, and I will then ask you bme questions respecting each class. 1. Of number: as, "Once, twice, thrice," &c. 2. Of order: as, "First, secondly, thirdly, fourthly, fifthly, lastly, finally," &c. 3. Of place: as, "Here, there, where, elsewhere, anywhere, somewhere, nowhere erein, whither, hither, thither, upward, downward, forward, backward, whence ence, thence, whithersoever," &c 4. Of time. Of time present: as, "Now, to-day," &c Of time past: as, ince, long ago," &c Already, before, lately, yesterday, heretofore, hitherto, long Of time to come: as, "To-morrow, not yet, hereafter, henceforth, henceforward, by and by, instantly, presently, immediately, straightways," &c. Of time indefinite: as, "Oft, often, ofttimes, oftentimes, sometimes, soon, seldom, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, always, when, then, ever, never, again," &c. 5. Of quantity: as, 66 Much, little, sufficiently, how much, how great, enough, bundantly," &c. 6. Of manner or quality: as, "Wisely, foolishly, justly, unjustly, quickly, slowly," kc. Adverbs of quality are the most numerous kind; and they are generally formed by adding the termination ly to an adjective or participle, or changing le into ly: as "Bad, badly; cheerful, cheerfully; able, ably, admirable, admirably." 7. Of doubt: as, "Perhaps, peradventure, possibly, perchance." 8. Of affirmation: as, "Verily, truly, undoubtedly, doubtless, certainly, yea yea surely, indeed, really," &c. 9. Of negation: as, " Nay, no, not, by no means, not at all, in no wise," &c 10. Of interrogation: as, "How, why, wherefore, whether," &c. 11. Of comparison: as, "More, most, better, best, worse, worst, less, least, ver▾ almost, little, alike," &c. When a preposition suffers no change, but becomes an adverb merely by its arpiteation as when we say, "He rides about;" "He was near falling ;""But do not after lay the blame on me.' There are also some adverbs, which are composed of nouns, and the letter a used instead of at, on, &c.: as, Aside, athirst, afoot, ahead, asleep, aboard, ashore, abed, aground, afloat." Q. Will you name two adverbs of number? two of order? two of place? two of time present? two of time past? two of time to come? - two of time indefinite? two of quantity? two of manner or quality? two of doubt? two of affirmation? two of negation? two of interrogation? two of comparison? Q. Adjectives describe as well as adverbs how, then, can you tell one from the other? 239. Adjectives describe nouns, but adverbs describe or qualify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Q. This fact should be remembered; you shall, therefore, have it in tho form of a rule will you repeat it? XULE IX. Adverbs qualify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Q. From bad we form the adverb badly how, then, may a large class of adverbs be formed? 240. By adding ly to adjectives. Q. Will you in this manner form an adverb from wise? from great? from sinful? EXERCISES IN PARSING “The bird sings sweetly.” 241. Sweetly is an ADVERB, a word used to qualify a verb, adjective, or other adverb; in this example it qualifies the verb sings, agreeably to RULE IX. Adverbs qualify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Sings. bird and the are parsed as before. PREPOSITIONS. EXERCISES IN PARSING CONTINUED. Adverbs qualifying verbs. "The soldiers marched slowly." "The girls sing delightfully." "Henry improves rapidly." 66 They will return soon." "The boys write admirably." "Susan dances elegantly." Adverbs qualifying adjectives. He was very attentive." "James is more studious." "Walter is most studious." "Ellen is less happy." Adverbs qualifying verbs and other adverbs. You learn grammar very well." The boys write too fast." "He will come much oftener." "James writes most elegantly.' "I will assist you most cheer fully." Q. To say, “The cider is-cellar," would make no sense can you inform me what would make sense? 242.. "The cider is in the cellar." Q. By placing the little word in after cider is, and before cellar, the sen tence is rendered complete what office, then, does in perform ? 243. It connects words, and thereby shows the relation between thein. Q. What does the word p eposition mean? 244. Placed before. Q. What, then, may those words like in be called, as they are placed before other words to connect them with words preceding? 245. PREPOSITIONS. Q. What, then, are prepositions? 246. Prepositions are words used to connect words, and thereby show the relation between them. 247. List of the principal Prepositions. beyond instead of to with within without according to before notwithstanding through Q. Will you mention the prepositions beginning with a? with bi ci di *} ƒ? i? n? o?r? t? u? w? Q. Will you now repeat all the prepositions? Q. Do we say, "He works for I," or, " He works for me' 1 Q. What case, then, follows prepositions? 248. The objective case. Q. This fact is of sufficient importance to constitute a rule will you, therefore, repeat RULE X. Prepositions govern the objective case. EXERCISES IN PARSING. "John found his hat in the road." 249. In is a PREPOSITION, a word used to connect words, and show the relation between them; it here shows the relation between hat and road. Road is NOUN ; it is a name-COMMON; it is a general name-NEUER GENDER; it is neither male nor femaleTHIRD PERSON; it is spoken of SINGULAR NUMBER; it means but one-o ECTIVE CASE; it is the object of the relation denoted by the preposition in, and governed by it according to RULE X. Prepositions govern the objective case.* Q. When I say, "John-his book," the sense, you perceive, is incom plete. Can you put a word into the blank which will complete the sense? 250 "John reads his book." * The remaining words are parsed as before. |