116-1. We can say, "The man who," or "The men who," using the relative who in speaking either of one man or more than one who, then, is of both numbers, and is thus declined: Nom. Singular. Plural. Who. Whose. Whom. 417. Which and that are of both numbers, but they are not declined, except that whose is sometimes used as the possessive case of which; as, "Is there any other doctrine whose followers are punished?" 66 418. Whose, used in the manner last described, is made to represent three words; as, Philosophy whose end," for "the end of which." 419. Antecedent signifies going before. 420. The noun or pronoun which goes before the relative, and to which the relative refers, is therefore called the antecedent of the relative; as, John, who has gone." Here, John is the antecedent of who. 421. When you are told that who, which, and that are relatives, you should not get the impression that the last two are always relatives; for that is a relative only when it is used in the sense of who or which; that is, when who or which may be used in its place, without destroying the sense; as, Here is the knife that I found," which can be altered to "Here is the knife which I found," without injury to the sense. 422. That, when it points out or specifies some particular person or thing, is reckoned an adjective pronoun. When not used as a relative, nor as an adjective pronoun, it is reckoned a conjunction; as, "He studies that he may learn." 423. Hence it appears that the word that may be used sometimes as a relative pronoun, sometimes as an adjective pronoun, and sometimes as a conjunction. 424. Since relative pronouns stand for nouns, as well as personal pronouns, they should therefore agree with nouns in the same particulars and by the same rule. RULE V. will therefore apply to both. EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. "That man is happy who lives virtuously.” 425. That is a DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN, of the SINGULAR NUMBER, and belongs to man, by NOTE I. Who is a RELATIVE PRONOUN, of the MASCULINE GENDERr, THIRD PERSON SINGULAR, and agrees with man, by RULE V. It is in the NOMINATIVE CASE to lives, according to RULE VI. EXERCISES IN SYNTAX "That man is fortunate who es capes censure. "The girl whom I saw, perished." How many numbers has who? 416 that? Are they declined? 417. What exception to this? 417. When whose is used as the possessive case of which, how many words does it represent? Give an example. 418. What is the meaning of antecedent? 419. What is the antecedent of a pronoun ? Give an example. 420. Is that always a relative? 421. When is it a relative? Give an example. 421. CONTINUED. "I met the same man in the market to-day (1.), that I met yesterday in the street. When is that an adjective pronoun ? Give an example. 422. When a conjunction? Give an example. 422. How many different parts of speech may that represent? 423. What is the rule for the agreement of relative pronouns? 424. Will you parse that, in the phrase, "That man"? 425. In the sentence, "That man is happy who lives virtuously," will you parse who? 425. Will you now take the book, and parse the remaining exercises? "You; who came first, should retire first." "You taught the boy whose hat I found." "That house, which stands on the hill, once (1.) belonged to me." "The boy whom I instruct learns well." SENTENCES TO BE PARSED AND CORRECTED. "The man which I saw." 426. Incorrect; because, in speaking of persons, who, whose, or whom is generally to be used. It should therefore read, "The man whom I saw." SENTENCES TO BE PARSED AND CORRECTED, CONTINUED. "The bird whom I killed had made her nest." "The man which visited me has left town." "Thou who are in prosperity must assist me in adversity." "He which shuns vice does generally practise virtue." "That man is happy whom is vir- "I, who lives by your charity, should tuous." be grateful." SENTENCES TO BE WRITTEN. Q. Will you construct a sentence containing the relative who? One, containing which? One, containing that? Q. Will you fill up the following sentences with relatives correctly used? "The man sins shall die." "The boy learn." "The bird studies will sung so sweetly has flown." Will you fill up the following with one or more words that will make sense? Intempeevils." "If- truth rance 99 sorry.' 66 Q. Will you embrace in different sentences, each of the following words? Washington, Columbus, Captain Cook, Indians, Wisdom, Riches, James Monroe. "I took the thing which you gave me.' "I took those things which you gave me." 428. By examining the foregoing sentences, you will see that the word what, in the first example, means the same as the words in italics in the successive ones: the word what, then, is clearly a pronoun; and because it stands for more than one word, it is called a compound pronoun. The word before the relative which, in the phrase "that which," or " the thing which," is the antecedent of which. Hence, 429. WHAT is a compound relative pronoun, including both the antecedent and the relative, and is generally equivalent to THAT WHICH. Instead of saying, "The man which I saw," what should I say? Why? 426. Will you correct and parse the remaining exercises, and then take the exercises to be written? tences which mean the same as "I took what you gave me"? 427. What words, then, does what stand for? 428. Why is what a pronoun? 428. : 430. Who, which, and what have sometimes the words ever or soever annexed (1.) to them and each combination of this sort is called a compound relative; as, whoever, whosoever, whichever, whichsoever, &c. They are not often used. 66 431. Who, which, and what are called interrogatives, or relatives of the interrogative kind, when they are used in asking questions; as, Who is he?" Which is the book?" "What are you doing?" These relatives, you perceive, have no antecedents, but relate to some word or phrase contained in the answer, which is called a subsequent, because it follows after the relative; as, "Whom did you see?" Ans. "John." Here John is the subsequent to which whom refers. 432. Hence it follows, that antecedent and subsequent are opposed to each other in meaning; the former signifying going before, the latter following after. 433. Whether was formerly made use of to express interrogation; as, "Whether of these shall I choose?" but it is now seldom used, the interrogative which supplying its place. 434. Which, what, and, as we have already seen, that, when joined to nouns, are adjective pronouns; as, "unto which promise our twelve tribes." 435. When what and which are joined to nouns in asking questions, they are called interrogative adjective pronouns ; as, "Which horse did he take?" 436. In some instances, we find what used in the sense of an interjection; "What! take my money, and then my life?" as, EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. "I will leave what is useless." 437. What, in the example above, means the same as, "that which," or, "the thing which;" we will, therefore, in parsing it, bear in mind that it has the government and agreement of two separate words. We will first parse it as standing for thing, and secondly for which. What is a COMPOUND RELATIVE PRONOUN, and is equivalent to "that which," or, "the thing which." In representing thing, it may be considered a PRONOUN of the THIRD PERSON SINGULAR, NEuTER GENDER, in the OBJECTIVE CASE, and governed by leave, according to RULE VIII. What, in representing which, may be considered a RELATIVE PRONOUN of the THIRD PERSON SINGULAR, NEUTER GENDER, and relates to thing for its antecedent, according to RULE V. and in the NOMINATIVE CASE to is, by RULE VI. Is is a NEUTER VERB, in the INDICATIVE MOOD, PRESENT TENSE — "1. I am; 2. You are; 3. He or which is❞—made in the THIRD perSON SINGULAR, and agrees with which, the relative part of the pronoun what, according to RULE VII. Useless is an ADJECTIVE, in the POSITIVE DEGREE, and belongs to what, by RULE IV. How may what be described? 429. Will you give three examples of compound pronouns formed by annexing ever or soever? 430. What is the meaning of annexed? 430. When are who, which, and what called interrogatives? 431. What are the nouns called, to which interrogatives refer? 431. What is the meaning of subsequent? 432. Why so called? 431. In the phrase, "Whom did you see?" Ans. "John;" which word is the subsequent? 431. When are what, which, and that adjec tive pronouns? Give an example. 434. Which of the relatives are sometimes interrogative adjective pronouns? When? 435. When I say, "What! rob me of my money, and then take my life?" in what sense is what used? 436. In the sentence, "I will leave what is useless," how do you parse what? is? useless? 437. What does what stand for? 437. Do you parse it as one word or two? What two? 437. The pupil may now parse the remaining exercises on the pronoun what. (1.) Placed after. 438. A VERB is a word that expresses ACTION or BEING. Verbs are of three kinds-ACTIVE, PASSIVE, and neuter. 439. An active verb expresses action, and the actor is always the nominative case; as, "John runs." Active verbs are either transitive or intransitive. 440. An active verb is transitive, when it either has or may have an object after it, on which the action terminates; as, "John beats William." 441. An active verb is intransitive, when it neither has nor can have an object after it. 442. Passive means suffering or receiving. 443. When I say, "John is beaten by William," is beaten is a verb, because it expresses action; and it is a passive verb, because it expresses the action received by John; and if John receives the action, then he is the object of it: hence, 444. A passive verb expresses action or effect received. 445. The object is always its subject or nominative case. 446. Active nominative, or actor, "John strikes William.” 447. Passive nominative, or object, "William is struck by John." 448. By examining the foregoing examples, you will see that when the verb is active, its nominative is likewise active; and when the verb is passive, its nominative is likewise passive. 449. The passive voice is a convenient mode of expression on occasions when we wish to state what has been done, without exposing the author; thus, instead of saying, "William struck John," I can, to avoid alluding to William, say, John was struck." 66 XXXVII. What is the meaning of verb ?* Why so called? 143. What is a verb? 438. What is an active verb ? 439. What is always its nominative? Give an example. 439. What is the meaning of transitive?† of intransitive? How may active verbs be divided? 439. When is an active verb transitive? Give an example. 440. When is an active verb intransitive? Clive In the example, "John is beaten by William," which is the verb? Why? What kind? Why? 443. Which word is the object? Why? 443. What, then, is a passive verb? 444. Which is the nominative to a passive verb, the agent or the object? 445. Is the nominative to an active verb active or passive? Give an example. 448. Is the nominative to a passive verb ac. tive or passive? Give an example. 448. In what particular is the passive voice a convenient form of expression? Give 450. A neuter verb is one that is neither active nor passive, expressing simply either being or existence in a certain state; “He sits,” “ He is at home.” as, XXXVIII. MOOD, OR MODE. 451. MOOD, or MODE, is the manner of representing action or being. 452. The INDICATIVE MOOD is used simply for indicating or declaring a thing, or asking a question; as, "I walk ;" "Do I walk?" 66 453. The POTENTIAL MOOD is used for expressing possibility, liberty, power, will, or obligation, either with or without asking a question; as, "I may go;"" May I go?" " He must read," &c. 454. Of the SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. The term subjunctive signifies subjoin ed or added to. 455. When I say, "I will go, if he desire it," the phrase, "if he desire it," is added on to the one before it: hence, we say, "if he desire it," is in the subjunctive mood. The term, however, is limited to such sentences as are preceded by the conjunctions if, unless, although, except, lest, &c., which imply doubt or some uncertainty. 456. The subjunctive mood is used for expressing doubt or uncertainty. 457. A verb in the subjunctive mood may be expressed in two different forms. It is equally correct to say, "If he is poor, he is respected," and, "If he be studious, he will excel.' The verbs be and is are both in the present tense; and since each has the conjunction if before it, each is in the subjunctive mood. 458. The phrase, "If he be studious," means the same as, "If he will be studious;" it therefore plainly implies future time. 459. On the contrary, in the phrase, "If he is poor," the sense plainly is, "If he is now, at the present time, poor," without any reference to future time. 460. Hence it appears, that, in one form of the verb, doubt only is implied; and in the other, both doubt and future time. How is the term subjunctive limited? 455. What is the subjunctive mood used for? 456. How many different forms has it? 457. Give an example of each. 457. In what tense are the verbs be and is? 457. In what mood is each with the con. junction if before it? 457. What does," If he be studious," mean, as it respects time? 458. What tense, then, is referred to? 458. What does, "If he is poor," mean, in respect to time? 459. What idea, then, is implied in the one form? 460. What two ideas in the other form? 460 |