AUXILIARY VERBS. 89 568. Must is sometimes called in for a helper, and denotes necessity; as, "We must speak the truth, whenever we do speak, and we must not prevaricate." (1.) 569. Will, in the first person singular and plural, intimates (2.) resolution and promising; in the second and third person, it only foretells; as, I will reward the good, and will punish the wicked;" We will remember benefits, and be grateful;" Thou wilt, or he will, repent of that folly;" "You, or they, will have a pleasant walk." 66 570. Shall, on the contrary, in the first person, simply foretells; in the second and third persons, it promises, commands, or threatens; as, “I shall go abroad;" "We shall dine at home;" "Thou shalt, or you shall, inherit the land;" Ye shall do justice, and love mercy;' "They shall account for their misconduct." The following passage is not translated (3.) according to the distinct and proper meanings of the words shall and will: "Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life; and I will dwell in the house of the Lord for ever." It ought to be, "will follow me, and, "I shall dwell.”—The foreigner who, as it is said, fell into the Thames, and cried out, "I will be drowned! nobody shall help me!" made a sad misapplication of these auxiliaries. 66 571. These observations respecting the import (4.) of the verbs will and shall, must be understood of explicative sentences; for when the sentence is interrogative, just the reverse, (5.) for the most part, takes place: thus, "I shall go," "You will go," express event (6.) only; but, Will you go?" imports intention; and, Shall I go?" refers to the will of another. But, "He shall go," and, Shall he go?" both imply will; expressing or referring to a command. 66 If you shall consent.' 572. When the verb is put in the subjunctive mood, the meaning of these auxiliaries likewise undergoes (7.) some alteration; as the learners will readily perceive by a few examples: "He shall proceed;' If he shall proceed;" "You shall consent;' These auxiliaries are sometimes interchanged (8.) in the indicative and subjunctive moods to convey the same meaning of the auxiliary; as, "He will not return; If he shall not return;" "He shall not return;' "If he will not return.' 573. Would primarily (9.) denotes inclination of will; and should, obligation; but they both vary their import, and are often used to express simple event. 574. Do and have are sometimes used as principal verbs, according to the following L. OF DEFECTIVE VERBS. 579. Defective verbs are those which are used only in some 581. Of these, ought and must, you perceive, are not varied. 582. Ought and quoth are always used as principal verbs. Ought is the same in the imperfect tense as in the present, and is always followed by an infinitive; as, "He ought to study;" He ought to have read." In this last example, ought is in the imperfect; and in the first, it is in the present. This we determine by the infinitive, which follows the verb, thus: when the present infinitive follows ought, ought is in the present tense; but when the perfect infinitive follows it, it is in the imperfect tense. 583. In English, verbs are often used both in a transitive and an intransitive, or neuter signification. Thus, to spread is an active transitive verb in the sentence, " He spread the report through the town;" but it is intran. sitive in the sentence, "The report spread through the town." Will you repeat the synopsis of do through all the moods? of have? Will you conjugate do in the present tense? have in the perfect tense? What is the perfect participle of do? of have? the compound perfect of do? of Which are not varied? 581. How are ought and quoth always used? 582. How can you tell when ought is in the present tense? 582. When is it in the imperfect tense 2 589 DEFECTIVE VERBS. 91 584. A neuter or intransitive verb, by the addition of a preposition, may become a compound active-transitive verb; as, to smile is intransitive; it cannot, therefore, be followed by an objective case, nor be changed into We cannot say, the passive form. She smiled him," or, 66 He was smiled;" but we say, very properly, "She smiled on him;" He was smiled on by her." 585. Prepositions affect the meaning of verbs in different ways. To cast means to throw; as, He cast a stone at her." To cast up, however, means to compute; as, "He casts up his accounts." In all instances in which the preposition follows the verb, and modifies its meaning, it should be considered a part of the verb, and be so treated in parsing. 586. There are some verbs, which, although they admit an objective case after them, still do not indicate the least degree of action; as, 'I resemble my father." This seeming inconsistency may be easily reconciled by reflecting that, in all such cases, the verb has a direct reference to its object. Of this nature are the verbs retain, resemble, own, have, &c. 587. Some neuter or intransitive verbs admit of a passive form, and are thence called neuter passive verbs; as, John goes home to-night." Here goes is an intransitive verb. But in the sentence, "John is gone home, is gone is a neuter passive verb. Again, in the phrase, "William comes,' comes is an intransitive verb; and in the phrase, "William is come," is come is a neuter passive verb. 66 "He has had many precious oppor tunities." "John will do as his instructer directs." "He may have had time." "I cannot believe him." "His father does not hesitate to trust him." "She smiles sweetly." "She smiled on John." "John was smiled on by fortune in every undertaking." 'Mary was gone before her mother came." "When they came to town, they made many purchases." Is resemble, strictly speaking, a transi. tive verb? 586. Why does it admit an object after it? 586. There are several verbs of this class; will you name some of them? 586. What is a neuter passive verb? 587. Give an example. 587. Will you now parse the next lessons? (1.) What stands for, "that which," or, "the thing which." Apply Rules V. VI. and VIII. LI. OF ADVERBS. 588. ADVERBS are words joined to verbs, participles, adjec tives, and other adverbs, to qualify them. 589. Expressions like the following, namely, a few days ago, long since none at all, at length, in vain, by no means, a great deal, &c., are denominated adverbial phrases, when they are used to qualify verbs or participles, by expressing the manner, time or degree of action. 590. The definite article the is frequently placed before adverbs of the comparative and superlative degrees, to give the expression more force; as, The more he walks, the better he feels." When the article is used in this sense, both the article and adverb may be reckoned an adverbial phrase, and be so considered in parsing. 591. You have doubtless noticed that most words ending in ly are adverbs. The reason of this is that ly is a contract.on of the adverb like: thus, from manlike we form manly: gentleman'y is a contraction of gentlemanlike.-Hence, 592. If you meet with a word ending in ly, implving in its signification the idea of like, you may conclude at once that it is an adverb. RULE ZE. Adverbs qualify verbs, participles, adjectives, and other adverbs. EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. “In vain we look for perfect happiness.” 593. In vain is an ADVERBIAL PHRASE, and qualifies look, accord ing to RULE IX. EXERCISES IN SYNTAX CONTINUED. John has come again, but William has not." Very many persons fail of happi ness. "A vast many evils are incident to man in his wearisome journey through life." "The instructress has at length arrived." LI. What is the meaning of adverb? 228. To what is the adverb joined? 588. How many different parts of speech does it qualify? 588. Which are they? 588. What is the definition of an adverb ? 588. Are adverbs compared ?* Will you compare wisely? 235. soon? 234. How are they compared? 236. Will you compare the adverbs much? well? bad? ill? 237. Some adverbs are not regular in their comparison, will you name one? 237. "William acted very nobly." 66 I will by no means consent." "John was writing carelessly." "A few days ago, there was much When are they to be considered adverbial phrases? 589. Is the article the ever joined to an adverb? 590. For what purpose? 599. What do the article and adverb form in such cases? 590. How is it to be considered in parsing? 590. How came most words ending in ly to be considered adverbs? 591. Give an example. 591. How can we determine between words ending in ly, whether or not they are adverbs? 592. What rule do you apply when you parse an adverb? IX. NOTE IX. To qualify verbs, participles, adjectives, and other adverbs, we should use adverbs; but to qualify nouns, we should use adjectives. SENTENCES TO BE PARSED AND CORRECTED. "William writes good."* "Susan studies diligent." "He speaks fluently and reasons correct." "John writes tolerable well, but readst miserable." "Harriet dresses neat." "On conditions suitably to his rank." "Mary sings admirable." "He reads and spells very bad." SENTENCES TO BE WRITTEN. 594. Will you write down a sentence, containing a compound active. transitive verb? One, having a neuter-passive verb? Will you compose two or more sentences about a lion? Two or more, about sheep? Two or more, about a cow? One, about an ox? One, about a dog? One, about a cat? One, about Africans? One, about Indians? One, about fishes? One, about steam-boat disasters? One, about stage accidents? LII. OF PREPOSITIONS. 595. Prepositions are used to connect words, and to show the relation between them. 596. We not unfrequently meet with verbs compounded of a preposition and verb; as, 66 to uphold," "to invest," "to overlook ;" and this composition sometimes gives a new sense to the verb; as, "to understand," to withdraw." But the preposition more frequently occurs after the verb, and separate from it; as, to cast up, to fall on.' The sense of the verb, in this case, is also materially affected by the preposition. 598. The prepositions after, before, above, beneath, and several others, sometimes appear to be adverbs, and may be so considered; as, "They had their reward soon after;" "He died not long before;" "He dwells above" but if the noun time or place be added, they lose their adverbial form; as, 'He died not long before" [that time], &c. 599. There is a peculiar propriety in distinguishing the correct use of the different prepositions. For illustration, we will take the following sentences: "He walks with a staff by moonlight;" 'He was taken by stratagem, and killed with a sword." Put the one preposition for the other, and say, Will you next parse the remaining exercises? When should we use adverbs? Note IX. When adjectives? Note IX. "William writes good." Wherein is this sentence incorrect?* Will you now parse and correct the remaining exercises? LII. What is the meaning of preposi What are prepositions? 595. With what are verbs not unfrequently 66 For the adjective good, we should use the adverb well, according to Note IX. Reads agrees with John understood, and is, therefore, connected with writes by the conjunction but agree ly to Rule XI. |