620.

SENTENCES TO BE WRITTEN.

Will you compose a sentence having nouns in apposition? One, having nouns in apposition, but separated by a verb? One, having a noun used as an adjective?

Will you construct a sentence having in it the word who? One, having. whose? One, having whom? One, having what? One, having that? One, having man? One, having woman? One, having boy? One, having girls? One, having parents?

come.

LVI. OF NOUNS USED INDEPENDENTLY.

621. To address signifies to speak to; as, "James, your father has The name of the person addressed must always be of the second person; and a noun in this situation, when it has no verb to agree with it, and is wholly disconnected with the rest of the sentence, is said to be independent. Hence,

RULE XVI.

When an address is made, the name of the person or thing addressed is in the nominative case independent.

622.

EXERCISES IN SYNTAX.

"John, will you assist me?"

John is a PROPER NOUN, of the SECOND PERSON, SINGULAR NUMBER, MASCULINE GENDER, and NOMINATIVE CASE INDEPENDENT, according to RULE XVI.

EXERCISES IN SYNTAX CONTINUED.

"My lords, (1.) the time has come when we must take some decisive measures."

"In making this appeal to you, my fellow-citizens, I rely entirely on your candor."

'Boys, attend to your lessons." "Girls, come into school." "Did you speak to me, girls?"

LVI. "James, your father has come." Which word here is the name of the perBon addressed?

What is the meaning of to address? 621.

Of what person is a noun when an address is made? 621.

(1.) Rule XVI.

(2.) Imperative mood, and agrees with thou or you understood, by Rule VIL

LVII. OF NOUNS IN THE CASE ABSOLUTE.

623. In the phrase, "The sun being risen, we set sail," the first clause of the sentence, namely, "The sun being risen," has nothing to do with the remainder: the noun and participle may, therefore, when taken together, be said to be in the nominative case independent; but as we have already one case of this nature, we will, for the sake of making a distinction, call this (the noun joined with a participle) the nominative case absolute. Hence,

RULE XVII.

A noun or pronoun before a participle, and independent of the rest of the sentence, is in the nominative case absolute.

624.

EXERCISES IN SYNTAX.

"The sun (1.) being risen, (2.) we departed."

"Egypt being conquered, Alexander returned to Syria."

"Shame being lost, all virtue was lost."

"The soldiers retreating, victory was lost."

"Wellington having returned to England, ranquillity was restored to France."

"Bonaparte being conquered, the
king was restored."

"The conditions being observed,
the bargain was a
benefit."

mutual

625. SENTENCES TO BE PARSED AND CORRECTED.

"Him (3.) only excepted, who was

a murderer."

"Her being dismissed, the rest of the scholars behaved well."

re

"Him being destroyed, the maining robbers made their escape."

LVIII. OF THE INFINITIVE MOOD.

NOTE XII.-A verb in the infinitive mood is sometimes placed independently; as, "To be frank, I own I have injured you."

"To play is pleasant." What pleasant?" To play." The infinitive to play is, then, the nominative case to is. "Thou shalt not kill, is required of all men. What is required? "Thou shalt not kill." The verb is required, then, agrees with "Thou shalt not kill," as its nominative. Hence, 626-1. NOTE XIII.-The infinitive mood, or part of a sentence, is frequently put as the nominative case to a verb of the third person singular,

627.

EXERCISES IN SYNTAX.

"To excel requires much exertion."

"To abandon friends will sink a man's character."

"To practise religion is our duty."

"Thou shalt not kill, is the com
mand of God."

"Honor thy father and thy mo-
ther, is required of all men."
"To write a fair hand requires
practice."

Remark 1.-To excel is the nominative case to requires, by Note XIII., and requires agrees with to excel, by Rule VII. In parsing, "Thou shalt not kill," we first apply Rules VI., VII. and IX. The whole phrase is considered the nominative to is required, by Note XIII.

То

2. The infinitive mood, or a part of a sentence, is frequently the object of a transitive verb; as, 66 Boys love to play." What do boys love? play.' The object of love, then, is to play. "Children do not consider how much has been done for them by their parents.' Consider what? "How much has been done for them by their parents;" including for the object of the verb the whole phrase in italics.

NOTE XIV. The infinitive mood or part of a sentence, may have an adjective or participle agreeing with it, when there is no noun, either expressed or understood, to which the adjective may belong.

628

EXERCISES IN SYNTAX.

"To see the sun is pleasant."
"To practise virtue will be produc-
tive of happiness."

"To be ridiculed is unpleasant."

"Defraud not thy neighbour, is binding on all."

"To do good to our enemies, is not natural to our hearts."

Remarks. Pleasant agrees with, "to see the sun," by Note XIV. Binding agrees with, "Defraud not thy neighbour," by the same authority. To is apply Rule VII.; to sun, Rule VIII.; to the infinitive to see, Note XIII.

629.

SENTENCES TO BE WRITTEN.

Will you compose one or more sentences having an infinitive governed by a participle? One, using an infinitive after a noun? One, describing the manner of playing ball? One, or more, on the manner of playing tag? One, on the duty of children to mind their parents? One, or more, on industry? One, on the business you intend to pursue for life?

"To play is pleasant." What is pleasant? What, then, is the nominative to is? 626-1. Rule? Note XIII.

"Thou shalt not kill, is required of all men." What is required?

What is the nominative to is required? 626-1. Rule? Note XIII.

Will you now parse the remaining exercises under this rule ?

"Boys love to play." What is the object of love? 627. Remark 2.

Since we have a rule for to love, as a verb, there is no necessity for considering it the object in parsing: what rule, then, will you apply to it? XII.

Will you name an example in which there is part of a sentence used as the object of a verb? 627. Remark 2.

"To see the sun is pleasant." Will you parse pleasant? to see? the? sun? is? Will you now parse the remaining ev ercises under Note XIV.

LIX.

630. In the phrase, "John and James are here," the sense is, that " John and James are both here;" two persons are therefore spoken of, which ren ders it necessary to use the plural verb are, to agree with two nouns which individually are singular: hence,

RULE XVIII.

Two or more nouns or pronouns, of the singular number, connected together by AND, either expressed or understood, must have verbs, nouns, and pronouns, agreeing with them in the plural number.

"My coat and pantaloons were made by Watson."

nominatives to the verb run.

Remarks.-William is one of the James is in the nominative case to the verb run, and is connected with the noun William, by Rule XI. Run agrees with William and James, by Rule XVIII.

632. SENTENCES TO BE PARSED AND CORRECTED.

"Mary and her cousin has come." "You and I makes progress in our

studies."

"Life and health is both uncertain."

"The farmer and his son is in town."

"Susan and her sister is deceitful." "William and John both writes a good hand."

Remarks. For has come, we should read have come, that the verb may be plural, when it has two nominatives connected by and, according to Rule XVIII.

Exception 1.-When and connects two or more nouns in the singular, which refer to the same person or thing, the verb must be singular; as, "Pliny the philosopher and naturalist has greatly enriched science."

633. SENTENCES TO BE PARSED AND CORRECTED. "That superficial scholar and critic have given new evidence of his misguided judgment."

"In that house live a great and distinguished scholar and states

"There go a benevolent man and scholar."

man.'

"Mr. Cooper, the sailor and novelist, visit La Fayette, the patriot and philanthropist."

Will you parse the succeeding exer cises?'

"Pliny the philosopher and naturalist has greatly enriched science." Why should we use has, in this sentence, instead of have? Exception 1.

"That superficial scholar and critic have given." Why is have given incor rect? Exception 1.

What is the rule for has come? Excep. tion 1.

Will you correct and parse the remain. ing exercises?

Exception 2.-When two or more nouns in the singular, connected by and, have each or every joined with them, the verb must be in the singular number; as, "Every person, every house, and every blade of grass, was destroyed."

634. SENTENCES TO BE PARSED AND CORRECTED.

"Every man, and every woman,

"Each man and each woman, were particularly alluded to in the report of the affair."

and every child, were taken." "Every tree, stick and twig, were consumed." Remark.-Were, in the first of these examples, should be changed for was, because reference is had to each person, individually considered, which, in respect to the verb, is the same in effect as if one person only was spoken of.

NOTE XV.-Every is sometimes associated with a plural noun, in which case the verb must be singular; as, "Every hundred years constitutes a century."

66

635. SENTENCES TO BE PARSED AND CORRECTED. "Every twenty-four hours afford to us the vicissitudes of day and night."

Every four years add another day to the ordinary number of days in a year.

Remark.-Afford, in the example above, is a violation of the note: it should be affords, in the singular number. The reason of this is, that "every twentyfour hours," signifies a single period of time, and is, therefore, in reality sin. gular.

NOTE XVI. - A verb in the plural will agree with a collective noun in the singular, when a part only of the individuals are meant; as, "The council were divided in their sentiments." When the noun expresses the idea of unity, the verb should be singular; as, "The council was composed wholly of farmers."

Remarks. In the foregoing example, we use the plural verb were divided, because we refer to the individuals composing the council; but if no allusion of this sort had been made, and we had spoken of it as one entire body, we should have used the singular verb, according to the common rule; as, "The council is composed wholly of farmers."

We apply to council, in the first example, NOTE XVI.; to were divided, the same note; and to council, and was composed in the second example, RULES VI. and VII.