Oceanography: An Illustrated GuideOceans cover over 70% of the planet's surface and are essential to life on earth, yet their deepest mysteries remained unexplored until very recently when 20th century technological advances allowed the vast expansion of our frontiers of knowledge, and worldwide interest in oceanography grew rapidly.Combining the skills of 40 contributors from worl |
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Page 8
... flux W Watt kg m2/s3 Irradiance E/m2s Einstein/m2s mol photons/m2s The expression of gas concentrations is a particularly problematic area. The SI unit for pressure is the Pascal (1 Pa = 1 N/m2). Although the bar (1 bar = 105 Pa) is ...
... flux W Watt kg m2/s3 Irradiance E/m2s Einstein/m2s mol photons/m2s The expression of gas concentrations is a particularly problematic area. The SI unit for pressure is the Pascal (1 Pa = 1 N/m2). Although the bar (1 bar = 105 Pa) is ...
Page 27
... flux of energy in the form of terrestrial radiation (long-wave radiation of wavelength 4–100 μm). The distribution and transformation, within the system, of the incoming solar radiation is complicated. Typical global mean values of the ...
... flux of energy in the form of terrestrial radiation (long-wave radiation of wavelength 4–100 μm). The distribution and transformation, within the system, of the incoming solar radiation is complicated. Typical global mean values of the ...
Page 29
... flux of heat from the tropics to the poles. Measuring this flux is important: it is fundamental to the maintenance of 120 ̊E 180 ̊ 0 ̊ 30 ̊ 30 ̊ 60 ̊ 90 ̊ N 60 ̊ 90 ̊ S 300 200 100 0 –100 Equator Netradiation Outgoing radiation Net ...
... flux of heat from the tropics to the poles. Measuring this flux is important: it is fundamental to the maintenance of 120 ̊E 180 ̊ 0 ̊ 30 ̊ 30 ̊ 60 ̊ 90 ̊ N 60 ̊ 90 ̊ S 300 200 100 0 –100 Equator Netradiation Outgoing radiation Net ...
Page 30
... flux is maintained requires a detailed knowledge of atmospheric and oceanic structures and processes. Although the distribution of evaporation and (especially) of precipitation over the ocean is not well known, major features of the net ...
... flux is maintained requires a detailed knowledge of atmospheric and oceanic structures and processes. Although the distribution of evaporation and (especially) of precipitation over the ocean is not well known, major features of the net ...
Page 31
... flux of latent heat. To estimate the total heat flux this must be supplemented by the sensible heat flux given by [CpVq], where Cp is the specific heat of air at constant pressure and q the temperature. Some results are shown in Figure ...
... flux of latent heat. To estimate the total heat flux this must be supplemented by the sensible heat flux given by [CpVq], where Cp is the specific heat of air at constant pressure and q the temperature. Some results are shown in Figure ...
Contents
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27 | |
3 The Role of Ocean Circulation in the Changing Climate | 41 |
12 The Marine Carbonate System | 182 |
Animals in the Deep Sea | 195 |
14 Light Colour and Vision in the Ocean | 212 |
15 Ocean Diversity | 228 |
16 Life in Estuaries Salt Marshes Lagoons and Coastal Waters | 244 |
17 Artificial Reefs | 259 |
18 Scientific Diving | 273 |
19 Marine Instrumentation | 280 |
4 Ocean Weather Eddies in the Sea | 59 |
5 Observing Oceans from Space | 69 |
6 Marine Phytoplankton Blooms | 89 |
7 Snow Falls in the Open Ocean | 96 |
8 The Evolution and Structure of Ocean Basins | 113 |
9 Slides Debris Flows and Turbidity Currents | 136 |
10 MidOcean Ridges and Hydrothermal Activity | 152 |
A Global Chemical System | 165 |
20 The Sea Floor Exploring a Hidden World | 300 |
21 Ocean Resources | 314 |
22 Waste Disposal in the Deep Ocean | 338 |
Some Commonly Used Words and Terms | 346 |
Acronyms | 347 |
Back Cover | 348 |
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Common terms and phrases
Abyssal Plain acoustic animals artificial reefs asthenosphere atmosphere benthic biological bioluminescence bloom carbon changes Chapter chemical climate coastal colour concentration continental continental slope Courtesy cycle debris flow deep ocean deep water deep-sea density deposits depth dissolved distribution Earth eddies energy environment equation estuary euphausiids example Figure fish flux global habitat heat hydrothermal hydrothermal vent increase instruments latitudes layer light lithosphere marine snow material measurements ment metres Mid-Atlantic Ridge mid-ocean mid-ocean ridge North Atlantic observations occur ocean basins oceanic crust Oceanography offshore organic oxygen Pacific particles pelagic phytoplankton plankton processes production profiles radiation range reflected regions ridge rocks salinity samples satellite scale scientists sea bed sea floor sea surface sea water sedi sediment sensors ships side-scan sonar slope sonar Southampton species surface waters temperature tion transport turbidite turbidity current velocity vent vertical water column waves wind zone zooplankton