Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, Volume 130, Issue 4

acetic acid Alloy aluminum analysis as-received ASME base metal base sheet behavior biaxial BL model calculated CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO composite coupling agent crack curve cycle damage parameter deformation diode laser displacement DP steel effective stress elastic modulus equation experimental fatigue finite element FLCs foam formability formic acid forming limit stresses GLARE hardening interphase KB model laser welding LIBRARIES load paths luffa cylindrical fibers m/min martensite maximum mean stress Mech mechanical properties microstructure multiaxial nanoindentation nonproportional normal stress obtained oFLC path dependence plane plastic strain polyester polyester matrix polymer predicted prestrain paths probe region repeating unit cell rise direction sample SAN DIEGO shear stress shown in Fig simulation softened zone specimen spring-back stirred sheets stirred zone strength Stress MPa stress-based subcells surface friction stirred Technol temperature tensile test tensor thermodynamic Torsion transverse ultrasonic energy welding speed XSFLC yield Young's modulus ΡΙ