come a menace to the community.

To him has been committed the divine task of making justice-which is righteousness-manifest in the laws and institutions by which men live, and if he be false to that sacred trust, let him be anathema.

Under the old system of office training, which taught that a lawyer's only duty was to his client, lawyers have been bred with an admirable standard of devotion to their clients. Now that the law schools are beginning to pay attention to the broader duties of the profession, a new generation of lawyers may be bred with an equally high standard of devotion to the public.

THE

THE PEACE CONGRESS

Harmonious principles emerge from three days of excited debate

HE great Arbitration and Peace Congress in New York ended its deliberations with the adoption of a set of resolutions urging the transformation of the Hague Conference into a permanent institution, with representatives from all nations meeting periodically for the regular and systematic consideration of international problems. The resolutions further

set forth that the Hague Court should be open to all the nations of the world; that a general treaty of arbitration providing for the reference of international disputes to that court should be drafted by the coming conference; that the conference should adopt the principle of the exemption from capture of private property at sea, and that decided action should be taken toward limiting the burden of armaments. There was also an indorsement of the principle adopted by the Interparliamentary Union at the instance of Mr. Bryan, according to which in case of disputes that could not be embraced within the terms of an arbitration treaty, the disputing parties before resorting to force shall always invoke the services of an international commission of inquiry or the mediation of one or more friendly Powers. An interesting incident of the closing hours of the Congress was the investiture of Mr. Carnegie with the cross of a Commander of the Legion of Honor in testimony of the appreciation by the French Government and people of his services to the cause of peace. Baron d'Estournelles de Constant, who made the presentation, said that Mr. Carnegie was now not only a citizen of America but a citizen of France, and of the world.

CRITICS TAKING HEART

Some venture treasonable words about

the master of the White House

NOW

LIAR

OW that Senator Foraker has led the way, the persons who dislike President Roosevelt are plucking up courage to speak their minds. Mr. Frederick Weyerhaueser, who has relieved the Government in various ways of several million acres of timber lands and is said by some to richer than John D. Rockefeller, expressed the opinion on April 17 that while the President had undertaken his policy toward the railroads and other corporations with the best intentions, he had been "a trifle meddlesome.' Mr. Weyerhaueser thought the railroads and everybody else, timber monopolists not specified but naturally included, should obey the law, but he thought it unfortunate that the corporations had been "forced to adopt more conservative methods and discontinue some of their extension work.

Mr. J. W. Wadsworth, late of Congress, but now, thanks to President Roosevelt, simply of Geneseo, New York, is less guarded in his expressions. Mr. Wadsworth defended the meat packers against certain inspection legislation which the White House thought necessary, and his long public service came to an abrupt end the first time his constituents had a chance to express their views on the subject. dent is "unreliable, a fakir, and a humbug, This statesman says now that the Presiments for years, and now "violates them all for the sake of gratifying a petty who has indulged in lofty sentispite," and that "the country is fast awakening to the real character of this bloody hero of Kettle Hill." These are words after a Rough Riding Executive's own heart. Mr. Wadsworth's present grievance is the fact that some of his friends have been removed from office, in violation, as he holds, of civil service reform principles, to make room for men recommended by his Congressional successor.

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three and three-quarters per cent on earned incomes under $10,000. make up for this reduction he will revise the death duties, leaving the minimum at five per cent as at present, and raising the rate by a sliding scale until estates of $15,000,000 and over will pay ten per cent on the first five millions and fifteen per cent on the rest. Thus, if Mr. Rockefeller should take up his residence in England to avoid annoyance in the American courts, and should die leaving an estate of $500,000,000, his heirs would have to pay the British Government a tax of $74,750,000.

The thing that particularly angers Mr. Keir Hardie and his followers is the fact that the Government has not immediately instituted a scheme of oldage pensions. But Mr. Asquith promises that such a scheme will be introduced next year, and he sets aside $7,500,000 to be used for that purpose at that time. This, of course, will be only the minutest kind of a beginning. To establish old-age pensions on anything like a substantial scale will require Our experience in expenditures running up into the hundreds of millions. pensioning that small class of our population possessing claims under war service shows what could be expected under a general pension scheme.

The present government is fortunate enough to find its treasury overflowing with money. There is a surplus for the year of $29,995,000, which

means much more than the same amount would mean here, since British The taxes are revised each year to make receipts and expenses balance. overflow is to be applied toward the reduction of the national debt, and with the provision already made for that purpose it is estimated that England's load of obligations will be reduced by $85,000,000 in the course of the year.

TOO POOR FOR CITY CARS Chicago is not to be allowed to raise money for traction lines beyond her debt limit

TH

DEBT LIMIT

CHICAGO

HE Supreme Court of Illinois rendered a decision on April 18 that would have had disastrous effects if the election just before had turned "" of which out differently. It held that the "Mueller law certificates,' ex-Mayor Dunne proposed to issue $75,000,000 worth to buy and equip the street-car lines, were invalid because Chicago had already reached her constitutional debt limit. The constitution of Illinois forbids any city to borrow Chicago's debt was up to more than five per cent of its assessed valuation.

the limit when she became fired with the ambition to own her traction lines, but it occurred to her that if private capitalists could finance traction systems on the security of their property and franchises, the city ought to be able to do the same. The Mueller law undertook to escape the constitutional barrier by providing for the issue of certificates which should be a lien solely on It provided that the street-car lines, and not on the city's general credit. in case of default in the payment of principal or interest the holders of the certificates might foreclose, and the purchasers of the properties would acquire not only the car lines but a franchise to run them for twenty years. The court held that while there was no liability upon the city to pay the certificates, its property, namely, the use of its streets, was pledged for twenty years as security, and that this pledge constituted an indebtedness within the meaning of the constitution. If the only property mortgaged had been that bought with the money raised by issuing the securities, then, according to the court, the certificates would not have run against the debt limit, but the streets were part of the resources already possessed by the city as the foundation of its general credit, and they could not be incumbered The curious conclusion without encountering the constitutional prohibition.

is thus reached that while Chicago, as the "Record-Herald'' puts it, "may give away its streets on almost any terms to speculators like Yerkes, who was able to issue a notoriously excessive amount of stocks and bonds on the strength of his possession of public property," "the public itself is denied a just and rational use of the same security."

The decision does not interfere with the rehabilitation of the traction system under the present ordinances, and before the question of municipal ownership again becomes acute a legal way may be found to obtain the necessary money. Possibly the debt limit may be raised through an

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APPEALS FOR CRIMINALS

England wants them while America is trying to get rid of them

OTWITHSTANDING the severe British comments upon the scandal of the Thaw trial, as contrasted with the summary methods of criminal justice in England, satisfaction with those methods is so far from being complete that a bill has been introduced in Parliament on behalf of the Government, creating a Court of Criminal Appeal on the American plan. The right of appeal in matters of law is to be unqualified; in matters of fact the new court is to have full discretion. The Government was stimulated to action by the case of Rayner, who was tried and convicted of the murder of Whitely in five hours, sentenced to death, and then had his sentence commuted by the Home Secretary. In introducing the Appeal bill the Attorney-General said that justice had blundered, that "enterprising newspapers had rushed in where jurists feared to tread," and that "retrial by newspaper had taken the place of a rehearing before a judicial tribunal. The bill was introduced on April 17, and passed its first reading the same day. Thus England, hitherto without any criminal appeal, and America with too much, are moving toward each other, and may eventually unite on a system that will avoid the evils of both extremes.