subject of any discourse: first, the person who speaks, may speak of himself; secondly, he may speak of the person to whom he addresses himself; thirdly, he may speak of some other person: and as the speakers, the persons spoken to, and the other persons spoken of, may be many, so cach of these persons must have the plural number.

The numbers of pronouns, like those of substantives, are two, the singular and the plural: as, I, thou, he; we, ye or you, they.

Gender has respect only to the third person singular of the pronouns, he, she, it. He is masculine; she is feminine; it is neuter.

The persons speaking and spoken to, being at the same time the subjects of the discourse, are supposed to be present; from which, and other circumstances, their sex is commonly known, and needs not to be marked by a distinction of gender in the pronouns but the third person or thing spoken of, being absent, and in many respects unknown, it is necessary that it should be marked by a distinction of gender; at least when some particular person or thing is spoken of, that ought to be more distinctly marked accordingly the pronoun singular of the third person has the three genders, he, she, it.

Pronouns have three cases; the nominative, the possessive, and the objective.

The objective case of a pronoun has, in general, a form different from that of the nominative, or the possessive

SECTION 2. Of the Relative Pronouns.

RELATIVE Pronouns are such as relate, in general, to some word or phrase going before, which is thence called the antecedent: they are, who, which, and that: as, "The man is happy who lives virtuouslyf."

What is a kind of compound relative, including both the antecedent and the relative, and is mostly equivalent to that which as, "This is what I wanted;" that is to say, "the thing which I wanted."

Who is applied to persons, which to animals and inanimate things: as, "He is a friend, who is faithful in adversity;" "The bird, which sung so sweetly, is flown;" "This is the tree, which produces no fruit."

That, as a relative, is often used to prevent the too frequent repetition of who and which. It is applied to both persons and things: as, "He that acts wisely deserves praise ;" "Modesty is a quality that highly adorns

a woman.

Who is of both numbers, and is thus declined:

Objective.

Which, that, and what, are likewise of both numbers. but they do not vary their termination; except that whose is sometimes used as the possessive case of which: as, "Is there any other doctrine whose followers are pu nished?"

The relative pronoun, when used interrogatively, relates to a word ar phrase which is not antecedent, but subsequent, to the relative. See note under the VI. Rule of Syntax.

"The lights and shades, whose well accorded strife Gives all the strength and colour of our life." POPE. "This is one of the clearest characteristics of its being a religion whose origin is divine."

BLAIR.

By the use of this license, one word is substituted for three: as, '' Philosophy, whose end is to instruct us in the knowledge of nature," for, "Philosophy, the end of which is to instruct us," &c.

Who, which, and what, have sometimes the words soever and ever annexed to them; as, "whosoever or whoever. whichsoever or whichever, whatsoever or whatever :" but they are seldom used in modern style.

The word that is sometimes a relative, sometimes a demonstrative pronoun, and sometimes a conjunction. It is a relative, when it may be turned into who or which without destroying the sense: as, "They that (who) reprove us, may be our best friends ;" "From every thing that (which) you see, derive instruction." It is a demonstrative pronoun when it is followed immediately by a substantive, to which it is either joined, or refers, and which it limits or qualifies: as, "That boy is industrious;' That belongs to me;" meaning, that book, that desk, &c. It is a conjunction, when it joins sentences together, and cannot be turned into who or which, without destroying the sense as, "Take care that every day be well employed." "I hope he will believe that I have not acted improperly."

Who, which, and what, are called Interrogatives, when they are used in asking questions; as, Who is he ?** Which is the book?" What art thou doing?"

Whether was formerly made use of to signify interro gation: as, "Whether of these shall I choose?" but it is now seldom used, the interrogative which being substituted for it. Some Grammarians think that the use of it should be revived, as, like either and neither, it points to

the dual number; and would contribute to render our ́expressions concise and definite.

Some writers have classed the interrogatives as a separate kind of pronouns; but they are too nearly related to the relative pronouns, both in nature and form, to render such a division proper. They do not, in fact, lose the character of relatives, when they become interrogatives. The only difference is, that without an interrogation, the relatives have reference to a subject which is antecedent, definite, and known; with an interrogation, to a subject which is subsequent, indefinite, and unknown and which it is expected that the answer should express and ascertain.

SECTION 3. Of the Adjective Pronouns.

Adjective Pronouns are of a mixed nature, participating the properties both of pronouns and adjectives. The adjective pronouns may be subdivided into four sorts, namely, the possessive, the distributive, the demonstrative, and the indefinite.

1. The possessive are those which relate to possession or property. There are seven of them; viz. my, thy, his, her, our, your, their.

Mine and thine, instead of my and thy, were formerly used before a substantive, or adjective, beginning with a vowel, or a silent h: as, " Blot out all mine iniquities."

The pronouns, his, mine, thine, have the same form, whether they are possessive pronouns, or the possessive. cases of their respective personal pronouns. See note to Rule 10.

A few examples will probably assist the learner, to distinguish the possessive pronouns from the genitive cases of their correspondent personal pronouns,

The following sentences exemplify the possessive pronouns." My lesson is finished; Thy books are defaced; He loves his studies; She performs her duty; We own our faults; Your situation is distressing; I admire their virtues."

The following are examples of the possessive cases of the personal pronouns." This desk is mine; the other is thine; These trinkets are his those are hers This

house is ours, and that is yours; Theirs is very commodi ous."

Some grammarians consider its as a possessive pronoun. The two words own and self, are used in conjunction with pronouns. Own is added to possessives, both singu

lar and plural: as, My own hand, our own house." It is emphatical, and implies a silent contrariety or opposition: as, "I live in my own house," that is, “not in a hired house." Self is added to possessives: as, myself, yourselves; and sometimes to personal pronouns: as, himself, itself, themselves. It then, like own, expresses emphasis and opposition: as, "I did this myself," that is, "not another;" or it forms a reciprocal pronoun: as, "We hurt ourselves by vain rage.'

Himself, themselves, are now used in the nominative case instead of hisself, theirselves; as, "He came himself;" "He himself shall do this;"" They performed it themselves."

2. The distributive are those which denote the persons or things that make up a number, as taken separately and singly. They are each, every, either: as, "Each of his brothers is in a favourable situation ;" Every man must account for himself;" "I have not seen either of them.

፡፡

Each relates to two or more persons or things, and signifies either of the two, or every one of any number taken separately.

Every relates to several persons or things, and signifies each one of them all taken separately. This pronoun was formerly used apart from its noun, but it is now constantly annexed to it, except in legal proceedings: as in the phrase, all and every of them."

Father relates to two persons or things taken separately, and gnifies the one or the other. To say, "either of the three," is therefore improper.

Neither imports "not either;" that is, not one nor the other: as, "Neither of my friends was there."

3. The demonstrative are those which precisely point out the subjects to which they relate this and that, these and those, are of this class: as, "This is true charity; that is only its image.'