From Protest to Challenge: A Documentary History of African Politics in South Africa, 1882-1990. Challenge and victory, 1980-1990 |
Contents
1 Reform and Repression in the Era of P W Botha | 3 |
Pretoria on the Offensive | 4 |
Debating the New Constitution | 7 |
And What About the Black People? | 12 |
Urban Influx Control and Squatters | 17 |
The Homelands | 22 |
KwaZulu and Inkatha | 28 |
Total Strategy | 31 |
a Theological Comment on the Political Crisis in South AfricaThe Kairos Document Pamphlet by Kairos theologians September 1985 | 400 |
DOCUMENT 70 Liberating the Classrooms Article in Upfront UDFjournal Cape Town October 1985 | 406 |
DOCUMENT 71 Speech by Cyril Ramaphosa at COSATU launching conference Durban November 29 1985 | 409 |
DOCUMENT 72 ANC intelligence report on Inkatha attacks Durban late 1985 | 411 |
DOCUMENT 73 Excerpts from cross examination of Professor I Dde Vries by Advocate Ismail Mahomed State v Ramgobin and others Pietermaritzb... | 413 |
DOCUMENT 74 ONS Kersfees onder HULLE NoodtoestandOUR Christmas Under THEIR State of Emergency New Unity Movement flyer Cape T... | 416 |
DOCUMENT 75 Use Your Spending PowerSupport Consumer Boycott UDF flyer Cape Town 1985 | 419 |
DOCUMENT 76 Alexandra Massacre Funeral flyer Alexandratown ship Johannesburg March 5 1986 | 420 |
The Struggle in the Courts | 37 |
The Battle Joined | 45 |
New Fronts of Resistance | 46 |
Charterism Resurgent | 47 |
Founding the United Democratic Front | 52 |
Civic Associations and Local Struggles | 57 |
Students and Politics | 58 |
Black Workers and Trade Unions | 61 |
White Allies | 65 |
The Vaal Uprising of 1984 | 68 |
Moving Toward Deadlock | 80 |
The First State of Emergency 1985 | 82 |
Consumer Boycotts | 84 |
The Formation of COSATU | 86 |
The Second State of Emergency | 90 |
Politics and Religion | 93 |
The Struggle for Control | 98 |
Leadership Conflicts in the UDF | 103 |
Workers on the Offensive | 106 |
The War for Natal | 112 |
4 Exile and Underground Politics 19801988 | 120 |
The African National Congress 19801983 | 121 |
Building the Underground | 127 |
the Nkomati Accord | 130 |
Mutiny in Umkhonto we Sizwe | 133 |
the Kabwe Conference | 136 |
On the Offensive 19851988 | 139 |
International Pressure for Negotiation | 145 |
The ANC and the Communist Party | 149 |
The Pan Africanist Congress | 152 |
5 Breaking the Deadlock 19881990 | 164 |
The February 1988 Crackdown | 165 |
Internal Opposition 1988 | 168 |
The Mass Democratic Movement | 172 |
Bargaining with the System | 174 |
Talking About Talks | 178 |
A Sea of Troubles | 183 |
Grasping the Nettle | 190 |
Epilogue | 207 |
PART 2 DOCUMENTS | 215 |
1 Reform and Repression in the Era of P W Botha | 217 |
DOCUMENT 2 In the End PW Must Do a Deal With Me Article by Chief Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi Sunday Times April 6 1980 | 219 |
DOCUMENT 3 Piet Freeman Thebehaliand Ice to Eskimos Article by Jon Qwelane Kwasa November 1980 | 221 |
DOCUMENT 4 Botha Holds Key to Peaceful Future for South AfricaOped article by Bishop Desmond Tutu Manchester Guardian Weekly October 4 ... | 222 |
DOCUMENT 5 The Responsibility of Judges in Applying Unjust Laws in South Africa Civil Rights League pamphlet Cape Town 1981? | 224 |
the Case Against ImmigrationA Letterto Polish Catholics from the Church in South Africa Southern African Catholic Bishops Conference pamphlet P... | 228 |
DOCUMENT 7 Memorandum on threatened removal of Lusitania a black spot in Natal February 1982 | 233 |
DOCUMENT 8 Inkathas minutes of a meeting between Piet Koornhof and an Inkatha delegation Cape Town May 3 1982 | 235 |
DOCUMENT 9 Letter from Reverend Lesiba Matsaung to the South African Council of Churches September 27 1982 | 237 |
DOCUMENT 10 YOU and the New PASS LAWS Black Sash pamphlet September 1982 | 239 |
DOCUMENT 11 Remarks to the Presidents Council by Mamoud RajabNovember 24 1982 | 244 |
DOCUMENT 12 The National Situation Paper by Neville Alexander delivered at AZAPO annual congress February 1983 | 248 |
DOCUMENT 13 Letter from Saul Mkhize to P W Botha about forced removal of Daggakraal Driefontein and Ngema black spotsMarch 31 1983 | 253 |
DOCUMENT 14 Solidarity with SAAWU and Our People in CiskeiUDF flyer Transvaal Region October 1983 | 254 |
Why You Should Vote NO BlackSash leaflet Durban October 1983 | 256 |
the Response of the South African Council of Churches to the Eloff Commission June 5 1984 | 260 |
DOCUMENT 17 New Constitution Changes Nothing Natal Indian Congress flyer August 1984 | 263 |
DOCUMENT 18 Reform Versus Revolution Labour Party election flyer August 1984 | 267 |
DOCUMENT 19 Uitenhage Police StationOn a Sunday Afternoon Report by Audrey Coleman March 17 1985 The Black Sash May 1985 | 268 |
DOCUMENT 20 Affidavit of James Michael Tamboer about police brutality Port Elizabeth September 1985 | 270 |
DOCUMENT 21 Affidavit of John Sakukhuna about violence in KwaNdebele January 1986 | 274 |
DOCUMENT 22 The New Influx Control Bulletin of the National Committee Against Removals Cape Town April 9 1986 | 275 |
DOCUMENT 23 Crisis in Crossroads Interview with Dr Ivan Toms by the United States Committee of the International Defense and Aid Fund May 1... | 278 |
a Black Perspective Speech by Enos Mabuza to South African Property Owners Association Johannesburg August 7 1986 | 281 |
Violent Radicalism or Negotiated Settlement? Speech by Chief Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi to the Heritage Foundation Washington November 241... | 285 |
DOCUMENT 26 The Provincial Legislature KwaZuluNatal Indaba constitutional proposals Durban November 28 1986 | 286 |
DOCUMENT 27 Statement by J 16 yearold male Mapetla Soweto March 1987 | 287 |
DOCUMENT 28 The Fight for Oukasie Interview with member of Brits Action Committee Sechaba May 1987 | 289 |
DOCUMENT 29 Group Areas in Mayfair ACTSTOP discussion paper April 1989 | 294 |
The Battle Joined | 298 |
DOCUMENT 31 The Workers StruggleWhere Does FOSATU Stand? Speech by Joe Foster to second FOSATU congress Hammanskraal April 10 1982 | 299 |
DOCUMENT 32 Report on meeting of FOSATU shop stewards council Katlehong township east Rand November 14 1982 | 302 |
DOCUMENT 33 Manifesto of the Azanian People Statement by AZAPO June 1983 | 305 |
DOCUMENT 34 Responses to State Strategy Speech by Popo Molefe to National Union of South African Students conference University of Cape To... | 306 |
DOCUMENT 35 Peace in Our Day Speech by Allan Boesak at national launch of the UDF Mitchells Plain Cape Town August20 1983 | 310 |
DOCUMENT 36 Declaration of the United Democratic Front August 20 1983 | 315 |
DOCUMENT 37 Support the Cape Action League WorkerTenant newssheet Cape Town August 1983 | 317 |
DOCUMENT 38 Trade union statement condemning Ciskei government ban on SAAWU September 1983 | 320 |
DOCUMENT 39 Massacre at Ngoye AZASM flyer October 1983 | 321 |
DOCUMENT 40 Dont Vote for Apartheid UDF flyer in Tswana and English November 1983 | 322 |
DOCUMENT 41 Towards a Just Peace in Our Land End Conscription Campaign flyer Durban 1983 | 323 |
DOCUMENT 42 A Brief History of the Durban Housing Action Committee DHAC and the Joint Rent Action Committee JORACPamphlet 1983? | 324 |
DOCUMENT 43 Report to UDF national executive committee from Cradock Residents Association January 1984 | 330 |
Briefing for FieldworkersUDF pamphlet eastern Cape March 1984 | 332 |
DOCUMENT 45 3000 Say No to Increases East Rand Peoples Organisation flyer June 1984 | 336 |
DOCUMENT 47 Congress Calls on Our People to Oppose BothaTransvaal Indian Congress flyer August 1984 | 337 |
DOCUMENT 48 Resolutions taken at meetings of the Vaal Civic Association August 1984 in Sotho with translation | 338 |
an Eye witness Account of the Sebokeng Rebellion of 1984 Booklet by Johannes Rantete | 339 |
DOCUMENT 50 The Anatomy of Rival Visions Excerpt from paperby Lebamang J Sebidi for Institute for Contextual Theology conference Johanne... | 344 |
DOCUMENT 51 Stay Away Monday and Tuesday the 5th and 6th November 1984 Transvaal Stayaway Committee flyer in English and Sotho | 349 |
DOCUMENT 52 Report by Chemical Workers Industrial Union on strike at SASOL November 8 1984 | 351 |
DOCUMENT 53 Annual secretarial report of the UDF Border Region by M A Stofile November 30 1984 | 354 |
DOCUMENT 54 Composite Executive Report of AZAPO December 1984 | 358 |
DOCUMENT 55 Bafundi ManyananiStudents Unite COSAS leaflet Grahamstown branch early 1985? in Xhosa and English | 363 |
DOCUMENT 56 Memorandum on education crisis signed by Popo Molefe for UDF and J Khumalo for COSAS January 21 1985 | 364 |
DOCUMENT 57 Statement on hit squads by Johannesburg DemocraticAction Committee Black Sash Detainees Parents Support Committee Detainees ... | 365 |
DOCUMENT 58 What is a National Convention? Black Sash circular by Sheena Duncan September 17 1985 | 366 |
DOCUMENT 59 The Freedom CharterFor and Against Articlein Arise Vukani journal of Action Youth Johannesburg September October 1985 | 369 |
DOCUMENT 60 Report to UDF on repression in Galeshewe township Kimberley 1985 | 372 |
DOCUMENT 61 Report for national workshop by Johannesburg Democratic Action Committee January 1986 | 374 |
DOCUMENT 62 OUTOrganisations United Against Traitors Flyer by Woodstock civic group Cape Town May 1986 | 379 |
DOCUMENT 63 Why I Refuse to Participate in the South African Defence Force Court statement by Philip Wilkinson May 1987 | 381 |
Moving Toward Deadlock | 385 |
DOCUMENT 65 Letter from Chief Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi to Oliver Tambo September 7 1984 reproduced in Inkathas Clarion Call volume 3 ... | 387 |
DOCUMENT 66 Program of the first annual National General Council of the UDF Azaadville Krugersdorp April 57 1985 | 388 |
DOCUMENT 67 Press statement by AZAPO on AZAPO UDF clashesMay 21 1985 | 397 |
DOCUMENT 68 Western Cape Ablaze University of Cape Town Student Representative Council flyer August 29 1985 | 398 |
DOCUMENT 77 Funeral of ANC guerrilla Thanduxolo Mbethe Uiten hage March 14 1986 | 422 |
DOCUMENT 78 Peoples Education for Peoples Power Speech by Zwelakhe Sisulu to National Education Crisis Committee conferenceDurban March... | 429 |
DOCUMENT 79 On Peoples Power and Peoples Committees Alexandra Action Committee discussion document April 8 1986 | 435 |
DOCUMENT 80 ANC minutes of meeting with leaders of South African Catholic Church Lusaka April 1516 1986 | 437 |
DOCUMENT 81 Consumer Boycott Northern Transvaal Consumer Boycott Committee flyer May 1986 | 446 |
DOCUMENT 82 Notes on meeting with Brigadier Ernest Schnetler of the South African Police by Mkhuseli Jack of Port Elizabeth Youth Congress ... | 447 |
Commemorating the Dead Learning the Lessons Continuing the Fight Article in Muslim Youth Movement newsletter Risalatuna Our Message June 1... | 448 |
DOCUMENT 84 Message to the People of South Africa from the National Executive Committee of the United Democratic Front Leaflet July 17 1986 | 449 |
DOCUMENT 85 Remember Kinross COSATU leaflet September 1986 | 453 |
DOCUMENT 86 ANC memorandum on factionalism in the UDF Lusaka late 1986 | 455 |
DOCUMENT 87 Will NGK Resolution Pave the Way for Clampdown on Activists? Article in Al Qalam Durban November 1986 | 464 |
DOCUMENT 88 Eyewitness account of AmaAfrika vigilante attack by Peggy Sotyelelwa of KwaNobuhle township Uitenhage January4 1987 | 466 |
DOCUMENT 89 Unite with OK Workers Commercial Catering and Allied Workers Union flyer February 1987 | 467 |
DOCUMENT 90 A Message to All Democrats COSATU advertisement Weekly Mail May 29 1987 | 468 |
DOCUMENT 91 The SATS StrikeThe Other Version COSATU information sheet early May 1987 | 469 |
DOCUMENT 92 Down With Apartheid Elections Stayaway UDF and COSATU flyer May 1987 | 474 |
DOCUMENT 93 Coping With Detention Article in Detainees Parents Support Committee newsletter Noma Siyaboshwa August1987 | 475 |
DOCUMENT 94 Build Solidarity With NUM StrikeBuild the Living Wage Campaign National Union of Mineworkers flyer August 1987 | 477 |
DOCUMENT 95 NACTU Briefing on Visit to PAC National Council of Trade Unions report Dares Salaam September 2 1987 | 479 |
DOCUMENT 96 Business and Trade Unions Speech by Jay Naidoo to business conference Financial Mail November 27 1987 | 481 |
DOCUMENT 97 Trade Unions and Political Direction National Union of Metalworkers NUMSA discussion paper December 1987 | 485 |
DOCUMENT 98 Excerpts from speech by Chief Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi to KwaZulu Legislative Assembly Ulundi March 1988 | 488 |
DOCUMENT 99 Victory Announcement of strike outcome by National Union of Metalworkers NUMSA August 16 1988 | 490 |
4 Exile and Underground Politics 19801988 | 492 |
DOCUMENT 101 Rules of Security Defence and Code of ConductUmkhonto we Sizwe draft memorandum March 1981 | 498 |
DOCUMENT 102 Unity and Determination of PAC Cadres Bring About Important Changes Article in Ikwezi number 16 March 1981 | 502 |
DOCUMENT 103 We Remember March 21Pan Africanist CongressUnderground PAC flyer March 1981 | 505 |
DOCUMENT 104 Decisions of the ANC National Executive Committee Luanda 25 December 1981 ANC memorandum | 506 |
DOCUMENT 105 Background to the Tanzanian Repression of PACand APLA Statement by supporters of P K Leballo in Britain January 16 1982 | 510 |
Perspective of the Marxist Workers Tendency of theAfrican National Congress London March 1982 | 511 |
DOCUMENT 107 Summary Report of the Discussion on Open Membership Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College Mazimbu Tanzania May 15 1982 | 514 |
DOCUMENT 108 Statement by Santo 26yearold ANC exile who survived Maseru raid of December 9 1982 | 518 |
DOCUMENT 109 Presentation by unidentified speaker to ANC seminar on womens political participation Tanzania 1982 | 520 |
DOCUMENT 110 Minutes of meeting of South African Communist Party Unit 7 Lusaka September 15 1983 | 522 |
DOCUMENT 111 The Constitutional Proposals and the UDF ANC memorandum Lusaka October 26 1983 | 524 |
DOCUMENT 112 Dawn Breaks Broadcast by ANCs Radio Freedom Lusaka November 24 1983 | 528 |
DOCUMENT 113 Planning for Peoples War Discussion document by Joe Slovo Maputo November 1983 | 530 |
DOCUMENT 114 Excerpt from Decisions and Suggestions from NECPMC Meeting Notes from ANC leadership discussion about impending Nkoma... | 536 |
Commission of Inquiry into Recent Developments in the Peoples Republic of Angola Stuart Commission Lusaka March 1984 | 539 |
DOCUMENT 116 Notes on a visit to Nelson Mandela in Pollsmoor Prison by Nicholas Bethell January 27 1985 | 549 |
DOCUMENT 117 Speech by Zindzi Mandela at Jabulani Amphitheatre Soweto February 10 1985 | 553 |
DOCUMENT 118 Sharpeville Soweto and Sebokeng Speech by John Nyati Pokela of PAC to the Special Committee Against Apartheid United Natio... | 555 |
DOCUMENT 119 The Road to Freedom Poem by Freddy Reddy Sechaba April 1985 | 558 |
DOCUMENT 120 Memo from Moscow Camp detachment of Umkhontowe Sizwe Angola early 1985 | 559 |
the Future is Within Our Grasp Underground leaflet April 1985 | 561 |
DOCUMENT 122 The Womens Question Excerpt from report of Commission on Ideological and Political Work ANC National Consultative Confere... | 564 |
Recommendations ANC memorandum prepared for National Consultative Conference Kabwe Zambia June 1623 1985 | 565 |
DOCUMENT 124 ANC National Executive Committee report presented by Oliver Tambo to the National Consultative Conference Kabwe Zambia Ju... | 567 |
DOCUMENT 125 A delegates impressions of the ANC National Consultative Conference Kabwe Zambia June 1985 Umsebenzi vol1 no 2 mid1985 | 574 |
DOCUMENT 126 Summary of Discussions Between Certain Representatives of Big Business and OpinionMakers in South Africa and the ANC ANC ... | 576 |
Minutes of EvidenceTestimony of Oliver Tambo and Thabo Mbeki before the Foreign Affairs Committee of the British House of Commons October... | 580 |
DOCUMENT 128 Letter from Godfrey Motsepe ANC representativein Brussels to ANC headquarters November 10 1985 | 587 |
DOCUMENT 129 A Submission on the Question of Negotiations Internal ANC policy paper Lusaka November 27 1985 | 589 |
DOCUMENT 130 How to Master Secret Work Article in Umsebenzi vol 1 no 3 late 1985 | 592 |
DOCUMENT 131 ANC press statement by Thabo Mbeki on resignation of Van Zyl Slabbert from Parliament February 7 1986 | 594 |
DOCUMENT 132 Letter from Stanley Mabizela ANC representative in Tanzania to ANC president and secretary general Lusaka March 7 1986 | 595 |
DOCUMENT 133 Yes to ANC Visit SRC News University of Cape Town March 1986 | 599 |
DOCUMENT 135 The South African Communist Party and the Current Political Situation in the Western Cape Study document for underground SA... | 601 |
DOCUMENT 136 A Few Points on the Current State of Struggle in SA ANC intelligence report mid 1987 | 604 |
DOCUMENT 137 The Dakar Declaration Statement by participants in IDASA conference Dakar July 12 1987 | 608 |
DOCUMENT 138 Evaluation of Dakar conference by ANC participant July 1987 | 610 |
DOCUMENT 139 The Question of Negotiations Statement by ANC National Executive Committee Lusaka October 9 1987 | 614 |
DOCUMENT 140 Briefing on Situation in P Botswana ANC intelligence report December 1987 | 617 |
DOCUMENT 141 APLA selects white targets Editorial in Azania Combat no 4 1987 | 621 |
DOCUMENT 142 Report by General Tobetsa on unsuccessful mission of Umkhonto we Sizwe unit late 1980s | 623 |
DOCUMENT 143 ANC National Working Committee minutes Lusaka February 22 1988 | 625 |
Report on the Amsterdam Cultural Conference Article by Mandla Langa Sechaba March 1988 | 631 |
DOCUMENT 145 Problems Faced by Women Discussion notes in SACP Inner Party Bulletin August 1989 | 633 |
5 Breaking the Deadlock 19881990 | 637 |
DOCUMENT 147 The NIC and the Three Plagues Article by Yunus Carrim Weekly Mail February 12 1988 | 640 |
DOCUMENT 148 Church petition protesting restrictions on 17 organizations and COSATU February 29 1988 | 642 |
DOCUMENT 149 Fight for Your Rights CWIU Flame no 12 March 1988 | 644 |
DOCUMENT 150 Azikwelwa Stayaway June 6 7 83 Days of United National Action Anonymous flyer June 1988 | 646 |
DOCUMENT 151 Municipal Elections UDF policy paper by Titus Mafolo June 1988 | 648 |
DOCUMENT 152 Municipal Elections Southern African Catholic Bishops Conference flyer July 1988 | 652 |
DOCUMENT 153 Constitutional Guidelines for a Democratic South Africa ANC policy paper Lusaka August 1988 | 654 |
DOCUMENT 154 Response to the ANC Constitutional Guidelinesby Cassim Saloojee and Firoz Cachalia of the Transvaal Indian Congress Weekly M... | 658 |
DOCUMENT 155 Joint Statement of the South African Rugby Board the South African Rugby Union and the African National Congress Harare Oct... | 661 |
DOCUMENT 157 Keep South African Sports in Isolation Oped article by Sam Ramsamy New York Times December 11 1988 | 663 |
DOCUMENT 158 Business in Post Apartheid SA Article by Kay Makan in Transvaal Indian Congress leaflet Face to Face With the ANC December 1... | 665 |
DOCUMENT 159 Campaign for a Friendly City Port Elizabeth Action Committee flyer early 1989 | 667 |
DOCUMENT 160 Press statement by hunger strikers at Johannesburg Prison Diepkloof January 23 1989 | 668 |
DOCUMENT 161 A Different Kind of Bias is Behind White Support of the ANC Oped article by Thami Mazwai Los Angeles Times February 21 1989 | 669 |
DOCUMENT 162 Letter from Ahmed Kathrada to friends handwritten February 25 1989 | 671 |
DOCUMENT 163 Memorandum from Nelson Mandela to P W Botha March 1989 | 672 |
DOCUMENT 164 Soweto Council Stalls Rent Negotiations Soweto Peoples Delegation NEWS April 5 1989 | 676 |
Programme of the South African Communist Party Adopted at the 7th Congress HavanaApril 1989 | 679 |
DOCUMENT 166 Report of PC Meeting With BN Minutes of meeting of ANC Presidents Committee with Beyers Naudé Lusaka April 25 1989 | 683 |
DOCUMENT 167 The Role of Local Government Excerpt from report of Five Freedoms ForumANC conference Lusaka June 29July 2 1989 | 687 |
DOCUMENT 168 Jews for Social Justice Excerpt from report of Five Freedoms Forum ANC conference Lusaka June 29July 2 1989 | 689 |
DOCUMENT 169 Wat die Besoek aan Lusaka vir my Beteken Het What the Lusaka Experience Meant for Me Excerpt by Flip Potgieter from report ... | 691 |
DOCUMENT 170 Negotiations for Political Settlement in SA COSATU memorandum June 1989 | 693 |
Culture and the ANC Constitutional Guidelines Discussion paper by Albie Sachs Lusaka July 1989 | 695 |
DOCUMENT 172 NegotiationThe Great Hoax Editorial in New Unity Movement Bulletin July 1989 | 699 |
DOCUMENT 173 Report to ANC on Womens Day meeting at Kaunda Square by Ronnie Kasrils Lusaka August 9 1989 | 700 |
DOCUMENT 174 Declaration of the Organisation of African Unity Ad Hoc Committee on Southern Africa on the Question of South Africa The Har... | 702 |
DOCUMENT 175 Apartheid is DyingBury It Now Natal Indian Congress and the Durban Municipal Employees Union flyer August 1989 | 705 |
DOCUMENT 176 Letter from ANC Department of Religious Affairs about visit by Zionist church leaders Lusaka October 5 1989 | 706 |
DOCUMENT 178 Affidavit of Butana Almond Nofomela Pretoria handwritten October 19 1989 | 711 |
DOCUMENT 179 Party Piece Interview with Cyril Ramaphosa by Paul Bell Leadership SA November 1989 | 715 |
DOCUMENT 180 Interview with PAC chairman Johnson Mlambo Dares Salaam October 9 1989 SAPEM December 1989January 1990 | 719 |
DOCUMENT 181 Has Socialism Failed? Umsebenzi discussion pamphlet by Joe Slovo London January 1990 | 721 |
DOCUMENT 182 Speech by Nelson Mandela on the Grand Parade Cape Town February 11 1990 | 725 |
CHRONOLOGY | 729 |
SOURCES | 737 |
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Common terms and phrases
action activists affiliates African National Congress Afrikaner ANC's apartheid areas armed struggle attacks Azania AZAPO banned bantustans black consciousness Botha boycott Buthelezi cadres called campaign Cape Town church coloured Committee Communist comrades conference constitution COSATU Council crisis delegation democracy democratic discussion Document elections emergency enemy exile forces Freedom Charter Front groups homeland houses Indian Inkatha issue Johannesburg leaders leadership liberation Lusaka majority Mandela March mass Mbeki meeting ment military movement Natal National Party negotiations Oliver Tambo oppressed organisations organizations P. W. Botha Parliament participation people's police political Port Elizabeth position Pretoria prison problems racial regime region release rent representatives residents revolutionary SACP social South Africa Soweto stayaway strategy structures talk Tambo Thabo Mbeki tion townships trade unions Transvaal United unity urban Vaal violence Western Cape workers youth