An Evolutionary Basis for Pollination Ecology

Acmaeops analysis anemogamous anemophilous anemophilous flowers Angiospermae anthophily developed Apiaceae Apoidea Apoidea and Lepidoptera apomorphous Baltic amber bee-pollinated flowers bees beetles blossoms butterfly carpel Cenomanian Cetonia aurata Coleoptera dichogamy differentiation dioecy Diptera direct predecessors earliest Angiospermae entomogamous entomophilous entomophilous flowers entomophilous pollination types Eocene facultative and obligatory families flowers are visited fossil pollen fossil record fp ditto fp entomogamous gynomonoecy haustellum hermaphroditic homogamy Hymenoptera indicate inflorescences insects Jurassic known Knuth larvae Lepidoptera longer-tongued insects Lower Cretaceous macrofossils Maestrichtian melittogamous melittophilous mentioned mf ditto Miocene moth-pollinated flowers myiophilous non-apoid Hymenoptera non-specialized entomogamous obligatory pollination types occur Oligocene origin ovaries ovules per stigma phylogeny plesiomorphous pollen-feeding pollination pollination system possible present probably protandry protogyny psychogamous psychophilous Recent sister-group solitary flowers specialized for longer-tongued species stamens staminodes Strangalia stratigraphical Symphyta synapomorphies Tertiary transformation series type fp type mf type pollen Upper Cretaceous wasps